BB News No. 57 dtd 15 May 1999

THE BURGENLAND BUNCH NEWS - No. 57 DEDICATED TO AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIAN BURGENLAND FAMILY HISTORY (issued biweekly by Gerald Berghold) May 15, 1999 (all rights reserved) Any family tree produces some lemons, some nuts and a few bad apples (as well as some real peaches and a few rare orchids). This first section of the 3 section newsletter contains the start of a new village series (The Upper Lafnitz), starting with the village of Wolfau. We also have a Report of Genealogical Vandalism, What's Happening in Güssing, More on Fandl Name, Behind the Scenes of the BB, Is Kossuth County, Iowa, a Burgenland Enclave?, A Thank You-with the Origins of the BB, Excerpt from my Delightful Little Travel Book and some current Austrian Travel Tips. PLEASE READ - ARE YOU GETTING AN INFORMATION OVERLOAD? The newsletter is now being emailed to 318 people. At 27 pages per issue, we're taking up a lot of internet band width and filling a lot of mailboxes. Some members may be getting an information overload. We've had a few ask if they can remain on the BB membership list (and continue to have their data listed on the home page) but be removed from the newsletter mailing list.You certainly can. You won't hurt our feelings! If you are no longer interested in receiving the newsletter please tell us via email, but be careful, if you say "cancel" you'll be removed from everything. Just say "remove from mailing list" and you'll no longer be sent newletters. You can always change your mind and you can still read the newsletters from the homepage. They are archived and may be scanned or downloaded anytime from a hyperlink in the homepage. You can also scan the archives "catalog" to see what the newsletters contain before scanning them. The first paragraph of each newsletter also explains the contents. Combining the membership listing with automatic receipt of the newsletter stems from the days when we had a few dozen very active members who were constantly corresponding. Remember you can be a member and list your genealogy data with us without receiving the newsletter email. Just let us know. We will soon be adding homepage links which will take you to individual village data being stored within our web site network. This new feature is due to the work of Bill Rudy. Our thanks to Bill as we wish to make data retrieval as painless as possible. We have information for about 70 of the 400 Burgenland villages and it will take some time for us to load the data. More villages are being researched daily. LIST YOUR FAMILY QUERY WITH THE OBERWART ZEITUNG - Contact Albert Schuch - See Staff Listing (Sec. B) For Email Address NEW VILLAGE SERIES-THE UPPER LAFNITZ (from Albert Schuch) This is the start of a new series. The author is Dr. Josef LOIBERSBECK, born 1890 in Hodis (near Rechnitz) - died 1975 in Eisenstadt, who also wrote the "Um Pilgersdorf und Kogl" series I sent last year. This first article is about Wolfau. From: Josef LOIBERSBECK: Das obere Lafnitztal. In: Burgenländische Heimatbltter 1963-64. The Upper Lafnitz Valley; 1) Wolfau, 2) Allhau, 3) Buchschachen, 4) Kitzladen, 5) Loipersdorf. 1) Wolfau First mentioned in 1365 as "Walho", in 1455 as "Walfaw". Belonged to the noble family KVESKUTI, as a part of the Domain Buchschachen (including Wolfau, Buchschachen, Allhau, Kitzladen and Loipersdorf). By way of marriage the domain came into the hands of the CSORNAI family in 1416, who sold it in 1462 to Berthold von ELLERBACH, who in turn sold it to Wilhelm and Andreas, sons of the famous Andreas BAUMKIRCHER in 1482. So these villages became part of the Domain Schlaining (Batthyány property since 1527/44). The Urbarium of 1539 lists 18 farmers with a full sessio: DORN, PLAN, SEILER (2), RANF, RACH, NADLER, KONRAD, KRUMPFUSS, HHNL, PRIEDL, BAUER, RIEMERSSTOCK, BISCHOF, RABOLD, FHWALD, ZENZ and KOHLMANN. The widow of Hanns RANF owns 1/2 sessio, and the sessio of KOHLMANN is to be divided in two halves soon. The farmers pay taxes on St. George's Day, St. Jacob's Day and at Christmas. At Christmas they also have to give chicken and corn to the landlord. The Urbarium further lists 3 Söllner without land (2 FLEISS and 1 GEMITOR) and 2 mills (owners: MLLNER and RAINER). The revenue of the "Mautstelle" (customs office) is to be delivered to Schlaining Castle. In 1600 a Lutheran preacher from Stubenberg (Styria) fled to Wolfau with his wife and child. Lutheran pastors in Wolfau: Philipp WEITH (1647 from Karpfen), Christoph WINKLER (from Augsburg; 1650), Andresas KREHER (from Obermedling; 1650-52), Franz BRENNER (1665). The Catholic Visitatio of 1674 tells us that the church has "recently" been taken away from the Lutherans. Catholic priest is Daniel RUISS from Bavaria, 43 years of age, he is also priest of Allhau and Kemeten. The boys go to school in Kemeten. The Catholic Visitatio of 1697 reports that the following inhabitants have rented meadows and fields from the church: GRASSL, MUSSER, KOBER, KLAMPFER, PUTZ, ZERL, MLLNER, SAILER, SIMMER, PAUER and HASIEBER. Priest is Dr. Johann Jakob HASSENIUS from Eichfeld in Lower Saxony, 57 years old, in Wolfau since 1693. The vicary is in bad shape, but the inhabitants of Wolfau refuse to repair it, they are in general hostile towards the priest. Teacher is Sebastian HOCHHOFER, a Catholic. There is no school house. Of 450 inhabitants, 150 are still Protestants. The Catholic Vistiatio of 1713 reports that 2/3 of the parish members are still staunch Lutherans. Priest is Johann Georg TENTIUS, 50 years, who came here from Vorau Abbey (Styria). An Urbarium of 1715 counts 48 farmers: 12 with a half and 32 with a quarter sessio. 9 quarter farms are deserted. Farmer names: 5 MUSSER, VORAUER; 4 PIMPERL; 3 GRUBER, KODNER, WEISS; 2 KOCH, MLL, SIMANDL, PERTL, LANG, GRASSL, TLLER; 1 HIRTZ, GRILL, ZIEGLER, HASIEBER, FISCHER, MLLNER, GARTNER, KRUTZLER, NEUBAUER, SAMPEL, GDERL, STAMPFL, BISCHOF, PUTZ, HOHOFER, TOLLING, IGLER, BINDER, KRUMPFUSS, MERKER. The names of the two Söllner are SEIDL and KRENNERIN (i.e. wife/widow of KRENNER). (By the year of 1715, the Batthyány family had already split up in different branches and hence this Urbarium probably doesn't describe the whole village!) Urbarium 1766: 112 farmers (33 with 1/2, 39 with 3/8, 40 with 1/4 and 1 with 1/8 sessio) and 74 Söllner. Farmer names: 9 MLLNER; 8 KODNER, MUSSER; 7 VORAUER; 6 PIMPERL, FLASCH, SCHLLER; 5 MADL; 4 GRASSL, KOCH, ZETTL; 3 BISCHOF, PERTL, STELZER, GOGER; 2 GDERL, WEISS, SIMANDL, KRUMPFUSS, WEIGL, IGLER, HIMMLER, SEMMLER; 1 TEILER, Mühl, HIRTZER, TRIEBAUMER, STAMPFL, KRUTZLER, ABRAHAM, HASIEBER, NEUBAUER, WILFINGER, PORT, LEBER, KAUFMANN, SAMPL, STROBL, SCHNEIDER, SEIDL. Söllner names: NADLER, HAINDL, KAINRAT etc. In 1770 Jewish grocer Aaron VEIT opens up his shop, in 1781 a brandy distillery. Urbarium 1846: 116 farmers (1 with 7/16, 24 with 3/8, 5 with 5/16, 61 with 1/4, 1 with 1/3, 15 with 1/8, 2 with 1/16 sessio) and 104 Söllner. Farmer names: 11 SCHLLER; 9 MLLNER, PIMPERL, KARNER; 6 BISCHOF; 5 MADL; 4 MUSSER, FLASCH, GRASSL, Mühl, FRAUER; 3 GOGER, HIRTZ; 2 STAMPFL, GDERL, IGLER, HOCHSTETTER, LEBER, HOHALD, WEIGL, PERTL, WIEDERER, UNGER, HINKER; 1 LEITNER, SIMANDL, LIEBHART, KRAUSS, WEISS, KINELLY, MEIXNER, TRIEBAUMER, STELZER, TEILER, PIELER, FAHRT, BRENNER. Catholic Priests: Johann TAUCHER (1724-39), Matthias WUKOWITSCH (1739-61), Johann Alois KUTSCHY from Rattersdorf (1762-1807), Georg KERTSCHELITSCH from Hodis (1807 12; went to Neuhaus), Franz Xaver TOMPEK from Güns (1812-16), Johann SCHENK from Steinamanger (1816-1848; died 1848), Ignaz PERNHOFER from Güns (1851-56), Johann MARTON from Hodis (1856-84; died 1884), Alois WALLNER from Pinkafeld (1884-89; went to Weichselbaum), Alexander SCHAFFER from Oberwart, son of a physician (1888-1913; emigrated to the USA, returned to Güns in 1927), Franz JANISCH from Eisenzicken (1913-18; went to Unterbildein), Kolomann MERKL from Rauchwart (1918-21; went to Oberkohlsttten), Josef BARTAL from Lockenhaus (1921-33), Franz KUGLER (-1951), Heinrich RUDASI (1951-). Kemeten became an independent parish in 1809. Catholic teachers: Anton HOSS (1757), Anton SCHWARZ from Hannersdorf (Visitatio 1832 says he is 60 years old, in Wolfau for 40 years, assited by his son Johann), Anton MLLNER, WILTMEIER, Johann FRAUER, Michael BRENNER (1862-75; married Maria SCHLLER), Kolomann BRENNER (1890-1919), Josef TUNKL (1923-1925), Franz WAGNER (1926-38). Church records start in 1755. After the laws of tolerance 1781 the Lutheran parish Allhau came into being. 82 families from Wolfau became part of this parish (names: GDERL, HAHOLD, VORAUER, GRASSL, PIMPERL, SCHILLER, MUSSER, GOGER, KARNER, WEIGL, MLLER, ZIEGLER, HINKER). In 1831 a Lutheran school was built. Teachers: Johann KARNER, Alexander NIKA (1847-52; teacher's son from Allhau), Johann HERMANN from Goberling (1853-57), Josef NIKA, brother of the above (1857-74), Johann ZUMPF from Drumling (1874-76), Michael BHM from Unterschtzen (1876-1902), Johann SCHRANZ from Jormannsdorf (1902-13), Karl GOGER from Oberschtzen (1913-27), Johann SCHADEN from Riedlingsdorf (1927-38). Catholic and Lutheran school united in 1938. Teachers: Alois KARNER (1945-49), Franz WAGNER (1950-53), Hermann HAAS (1953-). Number of inhabitants: 1843: 795 Catholics, 568 Lutherans; 1910: 271 houses (of these 82 with straw roofs), 966 Catholics, 687 Lutherans, 3 Jews. GENEALOGICAL VANDALISM (from Bob Unger) Sad but unfortunately true. During a recent German Research Association meeting, here in the San Diego area, the speaker made a very shocking comment. He said that many churches in Europe are being swamped with Americans doing genealogical research. Unfortunately a few have resorted to tearing pages out of the original old record books. How sad. As a consequence many churches have resorted to not allowing individuals to handle their record books, and the only way to get information is with the assistance of someone from the church staff. Staff members do not often have the time to help (and thus another source of data is closed). Ed. Note: I had access to the Martin Luther Kirche Church Records, 1770-1993 in Eltendorf, Burgenland. Many were fragile and very brittle. Many of the older pages were foxed, torn and stained. There was much ink bleed through. Some pages had to be supported on both sides before turning. Bindings were split. I did not feel that I could subject them to copier handling. When the Pastor suggested I use the church copier I refused as I didn't want to chance splitting the bindings further, nor did I know what the high intensity strobe might do to old ink and paper. The records were stored in a locked metal cabinet in the church office and the older volumes were wrapped in sheets of plastic, so they were taking care of them. I was happy to see that pages prior to 1945 had been copied and archived by the Lutheran Church (binders were so stamped with their seal). It took a few hours every day for the better part of 11 days for my wife and I to review and hand copy the data we wanted (every record for our family names), even though there were indices for some years. Access to records as old as this is best left to some one who knows how to handle them, much less some vandal. It is always best if we can work from available microfilm; and we are fortunate in having the LDS film available to us. Hopefully the LDS will be able to film pre 1828 records before they disappear. I can't comment on people who remove or damage such records without using language which would offend you. WHAT'S HAPPENING IN Güssing (from Heinz Koller) Heinz reports that the following meeting of "litereati" took place in Güssing recently. It would have been most interesting to be able to attend. Ulrike Winkler-Hermaden, a native of Güssing, presented her new novel "Heimat", which is about a Southern Burgenland family. Heinz Koller talked about his book "tief verwurzelt", a collection of his Hianzisch poetry, to be published in June. Christian Putz, student from Pinkafeld, who is the author of the epilogue written for this year's "Burgspiele Güssing" (annual Güssing castle play) to add to Josef Reichls play "Landflucht", was introduced to the audience. The Womens' Choir of Raabfidisch (Rbafzesi Nmet Asszonykrus) sang German and Hianzisch folk songs. MORE ON FANDL NAME (Königshofer & Schuch) Fritz writes: Further on Fandl; when I went through my notes from the Volksfreund newspaper (for another reason), I noted that the issue of October 12, 1901 carried an article about a scam, where a traveling salesman had forged the signatures of three Lafnitz Valley teachers on the order for an expensive encyclopedia ("Konversations-Lexikon"). The names of the cheated (and unsuspecting) teachers were Königshofer (my great grandfather), Korntheuer, and Fandl. The teachers had to appear at the court in Szent Gotthrd to be interrogated about the case. It shows that there was a bearer of the name Fandl who must have worked as a teacher around 1901 in one of the villages near Heiligenkreuz. Albert writes: Sorry, but I have no idea about the meaning of the Fandl name. Similar names, also quite common in Southern Burgenland, are Jandl and Tschandl. Since both Jandl and Fandl exist in Grosspetersdorf, one might be a misspelling of the other. The Tschandl name can be found in Pinkafeld, for example. Another name that comes to mind is Mandler, common in and around Stegersbach. In the old days, when the corn was reaped, it was bound together in units called "Mandl" or "Kornmandl". These stood on the field like small men, hence the name. BEHIND THE SCENES OF THE BB (Frank Teklits) Ed. Note: I'm always pleased when I hear about work like the following. Frank writes: As you know in release 5.0 of Dr. Dobrovich's text (yes Frank has revised it 5 times!), I've used the Times New Roman font and none of the Croatian village names have the unique character inflections typical of the Croatian alphabet. As an example, the village named Rupisce should in reality be spelled as Rupice, but I lacked the ability to insert the special characters into the text until now. A fellow BB member, Bruce Klemens, has been working diligently on this, & has forwarded the procedures necessary to use the special Croatian symbols while retaining the Find, and Find & Replace feature of Word for Windows. I have forwarded my thanks to Bruce for his assistance, and plan on inserting the special characters into release 5.1 over the next few weeks. My suggestion is for you to continue releasing the text as planned until I can complete this task. Limitations of Word for Windows prevent this update from being a painless procedure as this update will take some time because of the number of steps necessary to incorporate these special characters into the 200+ some Croatian names identified in the text. I'll keep you appraised of my progress for this update. In the meantime, with some excellent effort from Albert Schuch, I've been able to complete a good draft for two village register listings, namely, Burgenland to Croatian, and Croatian to Burgenland villages. In each of the two listings, there are approximately 105 village names for which both Burgenland & Croatian names are included . I hope to get active tonight at the FHC, using fiche 6001476 to verify the listings, & complete this effort prior to initiating the insertion of the special characters. I did want to update you on Bruce's & Albert's good efforts, as it is another reflection on the unique strength of the BB. IS KOSSUTH COUNTY, IOWA, A BURGENLAND ENCLAVE? Cathy Bourner writes: From the links list in the newsletter, I went to the MSU Historical Links Archive (http://www.msstate.edu/archives/history/hungary/shields.html), then to the Kossuth coat of arms.The web site location isn't as important as the name: Kossuth. That is the county in Iowa where my Burgenland ancestors settled. My question: has anyone investigated this? Is there a strong Burgenland link to settlement in north central Iowa, or is this just a coincidence? Kossuth County was formed in 1851. From a web search on Kossuth county, I found information about a "wave of immigration from 1860 to 1900" from Luxembourg to Algona, Kossuth Co. (Algona is the county seat). I also had numerous hits on the Burgenland Bunch surname list! Before I investigate further, I thought I'd check to see if anyone else has looked into this topic. I kind of wondered why my ancestors choose Iowa to settle. Could there have possible been others from the Burgenland region "breaking ground" so to speak? I have found Kossuth County to be one of the least documented of Iowa's counties--at least on the web and in the Historical Society's publications. Ed. Reply: Dr. Walter Dujmovits, author of "Die Amerika Wanderung der Burgenländer" and noted authority concerning Burgenland emigration makes no mention in his book of Iowa being a Burgenland enclave. Many Burgenlanders did emigrate to Kansas, Minnesota and subsequently the Dakotas in the later half of the 1800's. Many of these came from northern Burgenland. Since Indian territories were being reshuffled during this period and government land was being made available, it's not unlikely that your ancestors could have drifted into Iowa from those regions . Had there been a large group going directly to Iowa, I'm sure the records would mention it. Kossuth, Lajos (Louis), 1802-1894, was of course the Hungarian patriot who led the revolution of 1848. In April 1849 he became president of the newly proclaimed republic. He resigned in August when the Austrian government with Russian aid put down the rebellion with harsh measures (many of the leaders were executed including Louis Batthyány, a member of the family who had the Herrschaft of Güssing). Although the dual monarchy emerged a few years later, Kossuth spent the rest of his life in exile. He came to America in 1851 and received a tremendous welcome "as the enlightened representative of Hungarian independence...and advocate of personal freedom." He then made a triumphal tour of the US. He hoped for US intervention in Hungarian independence. This was not forth coming and he left in 1852, became active in European politics and died in Turin, Italy after 42 years of exile. He was hanged in effigy by the Austrians. It's probable that a handful of his followers, proscribed by the Austrians, may have emigrated. If so they may have come from other than the Burgenland area of Hungary. Kossuth was highly admired both in the US and in the British Empire and his popularity at the time of Iowa's formation may have caused the county to be named after him. I'd think you could verify this by investigating further the history of Kossuth Conunty, Iowa. I'll include this in the next newsletter to see if any of our other members have any information. Gerry Berghold A THANK YOU - ORIGINS OF THE BB Marjorie E. Krell writes: I just have to say, as a newer member of the group, I am so happy you organized this. I just told my husband at breakfast that I can NOT even remember how I learned about it! (When I sit down at the computer, everything turns to magic) Now, would I have ever thought of searching the Austrian Phone Directory? Probably not! I posted a query somewhere last night about searching for an Eberau relative, and within a short time had received a reply to go to that phone directory and I'd find the names. The one who I know for sure is a descendent of my grandmother's half brother is listed. I've also had 2 or 3 very wonderful contacts with other members. I think I was helpful to Bill Rudy in regard to his father's cousin who died in the German army. Then, Barrie Geosits offered to take some of my information with her to Austria to pursue a couple of things if time allows. Thanks again for your efforts. Ed. Reply: Thanks for the kind words. Finding new contacts and helping them over the hurdles is what it's all about. While we started with 8 members in January of 1997 (a few of us met the previous year through postings on AOL's genealogy bulletin board) we now have 318 members. The magic of computers and the internet! Almost as good as compound interest. When we started we would copy our other contacts whenever we sent email. One said to me "we really are an organization and should have a newsletter"; thus began the Burgenland Bunch. I've been editing news sheets since grade school. A little later we set up our homepage and opened a window on the world and thus allowed internet "Search Engines" to find us. If you search anywhere on the word "Burgenland", you'll probably find a link to the Burgenland Bunch. Since then we have placed articles in "Heritage Quest" magazine, the Austrian newsletter of the "Burgenlandische Gemeinschaft", the Oberwart Zeitung (OZ), Austrian Radio (ORF) and other publications here and abroad. We also have links with most major internet genealogy sites including a "gateway" and posting service with WorldGenWeb and through them to Roots/L. I have a feeling that many of our members also spread the word via email and through Austrian- American social clubs. Wishing you success in your search. DELIGHTFUL LITTLE BURGENLAND TRAVEL BOOK (continued from previous newsletter and taken from the German-English travel book "Burgenland", authors Pflagner & Marco, 1970, Frick Verlag, Wien.) 1. (Scene) Way up the Mountain of Calvary in front of the Bergkirche in Eisenstadt. The Pilgrimage Church of Maria Heimsuchung was built in the years 1715-1772 by the Counts Esterhazy in "Obersberg Eisenstadt. The Mountain of Calvary, an artificial hill made of hewn stone, was created 1701-1707 by command of Count-Palatine Paul Esterhazy by the Franciscan lay brother Felix Nierinck. The Way of the Cross is a narrow path that widens by the Stations with their Baroque Statues. This "holy mountain" is a peculiar, fantastic work of art, the 24 Stations of the Cross are, in a way, motionless Baroque theatre. Joseph Haydn's place of burial from 1820 to 1954 was in a vault under the church. Count Dr. Paul Esterhazy had a magnificent tomb erected in 1932 in the left track of the Bergkirche, but the reburial of Joseph Haydn had to be postponed because the Society of Music Friends in Vienna refused to part with Haydn's head. Not until 1954 was the head brought in solemn ceremony to Eisenstadt, united with the body and buried in the tomb. Haydn's last masses were performed for the first time in the Bergkirche. (to be continued) AUSTRIAN TRAVEL TIPS (from Fritz Königshofer) Fritz replies to some travel questions from new member Alex Tschaar: "There are some very economic places to rent a car here in the US to be picked up at arrival, say, at Frankfurt or Munich (or Vienna-Schwechat) airport. The company I have used most often is Europe by Car. You can also rent from them for pick-up in Austria, but the rates for pick-up and return in Germany are better. Call Europe by Car at 1-800-223-1516 or 1-800-637-9037, or 1-212-581-3040. They'll probably send you their booklet to browse and choose. I don't know if they have a web address. Their actual cars come from reputed car rentals and are first class. For your choice of lodging, take a look at http://www.burgenland-tourism.at/suedbgld/guessing.htm If you type Olbendorf, it brings up one inn, where a room with breakfast (I interpret NF to mean night plus Frhstck=breakfast) costs AS180 (about $15-per person). Breakfasts in Austria are excellent (the taste of the bread and butter alone are just unmatched anywhere). Check Stegersbach as well, and any other village in the neighborhood. Please keep in mind you will be in a region of thermal baths, therefore if you have some money to spend for health, consider one of these places, like Stegersbach, Therme Loipersdorf, or Bad Tatzmannsdorf and Blumau (or Bad Gleichenberg) in Styria. Halbpension (HP) means you also get dinner in the evening, and VP (Vollpension) means all meals are included in the price. With the price of the room and breakfast in Olbendorf, you would easily be able to live with under $50 per day, including some gas costs for the car. However, gas is very expensive in Europe, three times what it costs here, therefore the trip from Frankfurt to Burgenland and back would cost you $70 or more each way in gas costs." (End of article.) Newsletter continued as no. 57A

THE BURGENLAND BUNCH NEWS - No. 57A DEDICATED TO AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIAN BURGENLAND FAMILY HISTORY (issued biweekly by Gerald Berghold) May 15, 1999 (all rights reserved) This second section of the 3 section newsletter is the third installment of The Teklits Translation of "Volk an der Grenze ..." (People on the Border), the history of the Croatians in Burgenland, written by Johann Dobrovich. We are bringing you most of this book in serial form. Chapters 8 through 13 are included in this issue. Note: The author's original German and Croatian spelling of historical and geographical terms has been retained except where they might be misleading to English readers. PEOPLE ON THE BORDER by Johann Dobrovich translated by Frank Teklits (with assistance of Albert and Inge Schuch) printed via email by permission of the publishers Chapter VIII - The Turkish Storm We can better understand the Croatian struggle against the Turks by describing relevant Turkish history in a short summary of the strife between the Turks and the ancestors of the present day Burgenland Croats. The Turks came out of central Asia from Turkestan, in the boundless spaces of the Turans where numerous tribes had lived for centuries, and called themselves Turks. The Seldschuken (Seljuk Turks), a Turkish tribe immigrated in the 11th century as far as the Middle East and created a nation there. The Tatar assault under Ghenghis Khan moved towards Europe two hundred years later. Another Turkish tribe with Osman (1288 - 1336) as its leader, came to Asia Minor while fleeing before the Tatars, where it received grass pastures from the Seldschuken in the proximity of Byzanz. Here the Turks converted to the Muslim faith. Osman took the title Emir (Lord, Supreme Commander) and expanded his state at the expense of the Byzantine Empire. His son Orhan conquered Nikomedien and Nizea and arrived before the gates of Konstantinopel. He succeeded in putting together Seldsuchken of every small state into an Ottoman Empire. Orhan later justified the Turkish position of power on the premise that it formed the basis of their military strength. The territory was organized into military precincts, the so-called Sandschaken, and placed a standing army onto it, who were always prepared for war. He is credited for the cruel instruction requiring children to be taken from conquered nations as a form of human tribute, and then educate these captured Christian children as Turks. As these Christian children matured they received military training and became the Janitscharen, the feared storm troops of the Turks, who fought against their own compatriots. The Turks preserved their own soldiers in this manner. The Turks that served in their cavalry were called Spahi. The Spahi and Janitscharen propagated fear and frightened Europe for a long time. Orhan left a well-organized and powerful nation to his son Murat (1362-1389). The status of the Byzantine Empire in the Balkans was extremely weak during this time. Struggles for power around the throne and internal disagreements were the reason for the decline of this former powerful force. As the Byzantines used the Turks frequently for assistance, they acquainted them enemy (the Turks) with the Bulgarian and Serbian countries. They crossed the Dardanelles in 1352 and conquered their first European stronghold. Two years later they captured the base of the peninsula of Gallipolli, opening the path to Europe for the Turks. The Turkish might grew surprisingly rapidly. Murat conquered Adrianopel in 1361 and settled in Turkish Thrace. The Bulgarians were conquered next in the Balkans, and tribute obligation was made compulsory. When Murat also defeated the Serbians on the Maritza River, the southern Slavs were placed under Turkish rule. On St. Vitus Day June 15, 1389, Bajazid attacked (decimated) Serbian forces under Prince Lazar on the fields of Kosovo. The Turks consolidated and maintained their rule over the Serbians for over 500 years.In 1430 the Turks took possession of the Venetian naval base at Saloniki near Varna until 1444, which thwarted the attempt to obtain help from Hungary's King Wladislaws I. Soon thereafter Hunyadi's Army of 24,000 men bled to death in two battles on the fields of Kosovo (Amselfeld). Mohammed II was a competent soldier and an able statesman whose goal was to subdue the remaining Balkans. He conquered Konstantinopel, the capital of the Eastern Church, after thorough preparations in 1453. Constantine XI, the last Byzantine Emperor, died a heroic death in the fight for the city, sealing the end of the Thousand Year Grecian Empire with his death. The impression of this disaster was enormous in the Christian world. One can also justifiably ask why the Christian West did not hasten to aid Emperor Constantine in his distress. The reason for this delay however was the schism splitting the Christian East and West. The dislike, one can even say the hate against Rome in Konstantinopel was at the present time still the greatest danger, so great that the public opinion was: "Rather the Turban than the Tiara". Because Constantine supported a union with Rome, many citizens remained inactive. The Emperor had only 7,000 men, with whom he held off a 160,000 man Turkish force for two months. Thus the decline of this old realm could not be stopped any longer. Chapter IX - The Bogumiles in Bosnia and Herzegovina In the administration of Ban Kulin (1170-1204), a new religion began to spread in Bosnia, which was a religious controversy that flared up and would become a disaster for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Byzantine soldiers brought the new doctrine from Asia to Europe. It gained a foothold initially in Bulgaria, where the priest Jeremias gave the doctrine a Slavic look, and wrote Slavic church books. Jeremias called it Bogumile, and the new doctrine was named after him. A summary of the substance of this doctrine follows: There is a God who is the origin of everything good, and a bad spirit, who is the epitome of everything bad. The good principle has a soul and created everything invisible, the bad principle created material and concomitantly our earth. The soul came from a good God when it was united with the body, which is material and therefore is the work of the devil. God the Father sent Christ his greatest angel to earth. He supposedly assumed a human body and died on the cross. Christ's task was to point the people to their true destination by his death, remove the soul from its evil body and return it to God. The act of redemption is not the crucifixion, as this has only the importance of an example. Determining one's true purpose causes the redemption of the human being. This understanding of his destiny and the faith in it leads man towards his final goal after death. The ultimate goal is in the liberation of the Soul from the prison of its body and of its return to Heaven. The similarity of this doctrine with Christianity is only superficial, in reality there is a fundamental discrepancy. The final goal of the Christian does not lie in the return of only the spiritual soul to God, but of the whole human being who needs not only the soul but the body as well to be complete and blissful in the next world. The crucifixion is not the apparent death of Christ with an apparent body, but a real death as an act of redemption of the God incarnate, who is in inseparable union with material since the beginning of our chronology. The Bogumilen differentiated between the perfect and the imperfect, where the perfect abstained from riches, ate no meat, and no food that was prepared from animals. They condemned bloody vendettas and war, and swearing was disapproved. These severe rules did not apply to the common believers. The monks initially accepted the Bogumile, and the new belief maintained a monastic organization in Bosnia. The Bosnian Pataren called themselves "good Christians". A "djed" (equivalent to a bishop) was the leader and "starci" (priests) were his representatives. Services, consisting of prayer, writing and reading, were held in houses, in which one did not bear bells that were called "trumpets of the devil", and there were no pictures, not even crosses. The Spread of Bogumilentum - The doctrine first entered into Serbia from Bulgaria. When the Serbian King Stefan Nemanja saw how rapidly it spread among the Serbian domain owners and recognized that it could become dangerous as the prevailing religion of the country, he took drastic action. He called the state parliament together and seized the leading men of the movement. He ordered their tongues to be cut off, and send them into exile. Their books were burned, possessions were confiscated and divided among the poor. The Bogumilen were exterminated in Serbia by using such cruel actions. The Bogumile emerged around the middle of the 12th century in Bosnia and remained there the longest. The Bosnian domain owners and Ban Kulin were among the first to profess to the Bogumile doctrine. Pope Innocent III requested the Croatian-Hungarian King Emmerich to conduct an investigation. He placed the responsibility on Ban Kulin and forced the Bosnian domain owners to renounce the new Bogumile doctrine under oath in 1203. A greater part of the Bosnian-Herzegovina domain owners converted to the Bogumile doctrine in the later centuries.When the Turks conquered Bosnia and the Herzegovina, the Bogumilen embraced the Islamic religion, and almost one out of three Bosnians were Muslims by 1931. Chapter X - The Conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Turks After the fall of Serbia and Konstantinopel, Bosnia was next in the Turkish queue. Once the Turks managed to secure a foothold in 1415, they were in Bosnia to stay. From 1437 on, Bosnia faced compulsory Turkish tribute. Bosnia could not fill this obligation with regularity since it was continually involved in wars. The Turks took castle ruins as payment for outstanding obligations that they then converted into military arsenals. They gained a military foothold in the Bosna Valley where they incorporated their sphere of influence into a part of the country. As long as the Hungarian King Matthias Corvin (Corvinius) granted protection to the Bosnians, they could withstand the Turks. The Sultan conquered Bosnia with 150,000 men in 1463 while it was feuding with the Roman-German Emperor Frederick III. Matthias Corvin could have dislodged the Turks from Northern Bosnia again, but after his death Bosnia became conclusively Turkish, and remained that way up to 1878. Sultan Mohammed II, the Conqueror of Konstantinopel, only waited for the right time to subjugate Herzegovina. Initially he occupied only a part of the country, but as a result of the betrayal by a few Pateren, all of Herzegovina fell into the hands of the Turks in 1482. The Privileged Position of the Bosnians - Unlike the other countries in the Turkish Empire, Bosnia was a country with special standing. The Turks allowed the Bosnian aristocrats to retain the right of succession. This preferential treatment was granted to the Bosnian-Herzegovina magnates, who went to Konstantinopel before their country was conquered, embraced Islam and obtained this special regulation for their countrymen because they were well respected. The Sultan accommodated the Bosnians in this manner since he expected them to come to his aid during the conquest of other Christian countries. The Bogumilen aristocracy, who in their hearts had already spurned Christianity, converted entirely to Islam. A few different minded magnates fled abroad. Islam was a major event in the history of Bosnia. With a single stroke, quarrel and disagreement disappeared among the noblemen, and all forces united in the struggle for Islam and hatred for their Christian countrymen. Chapter XI - Strength and Organization of the Turkish Political System We have seen the Turks coming from Turkestan and subjugating Asia Minor and the entire Balkans in a short period of time. The Turkish Empire was the first great power of its time after the fall of the East Roman Empire and the conquest of North Africa. The principal reason for this success was a highly organized Nation.Turkey was a military state, and the Sultan with absolute power, was its chieftain. The whole country was at his disposal and he assigned it to various soldiers for their benefit, but after they died, the land reverted back to the state. Bravery in war was rewarded not only with property, but also with high positions in government or military service. Their religion promised a preferred place in Heaven for any soldier killed in war. The armament of the Turkish Army was superior to that of the Balkan Countries. The Sultan demanded blind obedience, and controlled all political, economical, and military resources. The last Turkish Emperors were not only good soldiers, but also intelligent statesmen, who understood perfectly how to exploit the weaknesses of their opponents. The date of each assault was carefully chosen to take advantage of a weak neighbor, or neighboring powers that were at odds with each other. Examples of such favorable opportunities for the Turks were the enmity between the Eastern Church and Rome, the Bogumile in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the second schism in Germany. These religious controversies were one of the primary reasons that the Turks were able to settle in the areas of Eastern and Middle Europe.The first Turkish Emperors did not permit the stronger nations to suppress the weaker ones, nor were their subjects required to pay intolerable duties. The Turks assured a peaceful life without regard to the religion and nationality of all of their subjects, and they allowed the subjected countries to retain their fortunes, laws, faiths, customs, and in some cases even the former administration. Because of this wise and humane attitude, the Christians did not regard it to be a misfortune if they were under Turkish rule. That occurred later when the Turkish Aga's and Pashas became cruel tyrants and the most evil of feudal lords. They prepared a bitter fate for the Christian subjects (raja) of the Sultan without any rights, which made it even more difficult to bear the loss of freedom. Chapter XII - The Decline of Croatia from the 15th until the end of the 16th Century When the Turks first surfaced in the Balkans, their national organization was far superior to that of the Balkans states. Additionally, the position of a farmer was considerably more favorable in the first period of the Turkish expansion under Osman than under the domestic rulers. This was also a probable reason for the rapid decline of the Balkans states. The most serious consequence of the Christian-Islamic struggle on Croatian soil was the splitting up of a previously homogenous people. The 100-year struggle between the Islamic and Christian worlds was fought with utmost bitterness on both sides, and the line of combat ran crosswise through Croatia for 250 years. Both sides had their own "demolition-commandos" that were used for raids against the enemy. Innumerable Croats left their homeland either as emigrants or as prisoners from the 15th through the 18th Centuries. The national focal point of the Croats slowly started to shift toward the north in the beginning of the 15th century. Aristocracy and common people alike exited en masse from the endangered areas to the still safe northern Croatia, into the region between the Kulpa, Sava, and Drava rivers. Later these strangers went to Hungary, Carinthia, Styria, to Lower Austria and Moravia, into Slovakia, over the sea to southern Italy, and to Flanders. The emigration of the Croatian people was made in two waves. In the 16th century the 1st wave of emigration swept into northern Dalmatia, the region of Lika, and the area between the Vrbas, and Kulpa Rivers, and West Slovenia, where the Christian-Islamic boundaries were established after the fall of Bosnia. These refugees initially populated Upper Croatia. The Burgenland Croats are the descendants of the Croatian refugees of that time. We are not concerned with the 2nd wave of emigration because it does not apply to the subject of this treatise. Besides these two large emigration streams, Croats still fled in smaller groups from their homeland in the 15th and 16th centuries. One cannot determine with precision the number of refugees based on the status of exiting research. It amounts however to several hundred thousand refugees. The Croatian people suffered a still greater loss by mass abductions. 100,000 Croats vanished into the Turkish Empire. Finally, innumerable losses were incurred in the battles of the 300-Year old Wars between Turks and Croats. This deeply moving period of the Croatian past is sparsely investigated even today. Professor Pavicic concerns himself in detail with the emigration of the Croats during the time of the Turks, but unfortunately his labors remain scantily published even today. (note 25). Valuable material can be found in the short but informative commentary ("The Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Past and Present") of Draganovic. The following chronological overview summarizes only the most important dates from that period of time. Abducting Croats into slavery already began early in the 15th century and continued to the end of the 16th century. One can estimate the seizure of more than 10,000 subjects in each generation. Only the largest predatory assaults are mentioned in the following paragraphs. 1. The first Turkish invasion occurred in 1415 when the Turks pushed forward over Bosnia and Croatia toward Cilli (Celje). They plundered villages and towns along the way and caught around 30,000 slaves. The area around Sissek (Sisak) suffered particularly at that time. 2. Mohammed II, the Turkish Sultan, led 100,000 adult slaves out of Bosnia, and 30,000 boys upon the collapse of the Kingdom in 1463. 3. The Turks broke out of Bosnia into the area around the cities of Lika and Krbava in 1469, and penetrated up to the fortress of Zengg (Senj) which was subdued with minimum difficulty. From there they assaulted the area around Modrus and reached the river Kulpa as far as Carinthia. 60,000 people were led off on the return path. A second Turkish strike occurred in the same year, and an additional 15,000 Croats were taken captive. 4. The Turks initially plundered in Dalmatia until they were in front of the city walls of Split, Sebenico (Sibenik), and Zadar. From there they broke through Croatia up to Ljubljana and Celje, and 30,000 Christians were either arrested or slain in this foray. 5. Croatia and Slovenia were struck heavily in the autumn of 1474. The region around Zagorje was heavily damaged at this time, as the Turks lived there for 14 days and abducted 14,000 people. Dalmatia-Croatia also suffered severely in the same year. The chronicler Unrest wrote at this time that Slavonia was so ravaged in this tug of war, "that one could not see neither house nor human for 10 miles". The chronicler further reported: "Croatia is almost entirely burned down, looted, and the people dragged away. Only some cities and attached villages remained. The territory around Karst is in ashes and for the most part looted. The region of Zagorje is to a large extent burned down, the people led away, and the livestock snatched away". 6. In 1494, the Turks crossed the Sava river around Mitrovica, thrust towards Zagreb (Agram), and plundered particularly in the areas of Zagorje and Samobor. They swept away 7,000 slaves in the invasion of Styria. 7. 10,000 people, under the rule of the Keglovic family, were led into slavery in 1510 from the regions of Bijela Stijena and Seoci (Western Slavonia). 8. In 1514 the Bosnian Moslems took 3,000 prisoners in Lika and Northern Dalmatia. 9. Sultan Soliman returned to Croatia after the abortive siege of Güns (Koszek) in 1532. He began with the devastation and capture of slaves near the place of Rasinja, in the District of Koprivnica. A part of his army under the leadership of the Grand Vizier Ibrahim, moved from the village of Krizeci above Gudovac, Cazma, Moslavina, and Velika Kraljeva into the area by the river Sava. The Sultan led the second part of the army along the river Drava beyond Kopreinitz (Koprivnica) and Veroze (Virovitica) in the County of Pozega which was then still in the hands of the Christians. The Sultan forbid robbing at the place called Gorjan (District of Sisak), because his army was already on Turkish ground. 50,000 Croats were dragged into slavery at that time. 10. In 1536, Pascha Mahmud Johiogli broke into Slovenia, plundered 39 villages around the town of Pozega and led 70,000 Croats into captivity. 11. The Bosnian Pascha broke into the region between the Una and Kulpa rivers in 1556 that had remained relatively spared until then, conquered the city of Kostajnica, and dragged 45,000 men, women, and children into slavery. 12. In the years 1591 to 1592, the Bosnian Pascha Hasan annihilated over 100 villages and led 35,000 people out of the areas of Petrinja, Jaska, Turopolje, and BozjakovinaIn a period of 177 years, around 500,000 people were carried into slavery from the 12 wars in the Croatian countries. This number refers only to the prisoners captured during the large Turkish raids. However with the smaller daily incursions committed by the so-called Martalozen, the Croats incurred additional personnel losses. Whereas this "handed down" information about the number of casualties appears rather overstated to us, it provides however a vivid picture of the devastation wrought on the Croatian countries. We estimated the number of inhabitants (in Croatia) prior to the Turkish Wars to total approximately 2,000,000 people. The number of the prisoners was derived in proportion to the number of inhabitants. Sources described Christian Croatia as a desert in the 16th century. Bosnia was more inhabited since the Turks settled a part of the Christian slaves there. The bulk of the captured Croats however were scattered throughout the entire Turkish Empire. While innumerable Croats were abducted to the southeast, hundreds of thousands sought liberation by emigrating to the south, west, and particularly to the north. About 30,000 Croats settled in today's Burgenland. Chapter XIII - Serbian Islands in Croatian Lands The deserted areas that resulted from the disappearance of the Croats did not remain uninhabited because the Turkish landholders needed workers, and they also wanted to protect the border against the Christian world. For this purpose, a coarse, restless, pastoral tribe was fetched who emerged from a mixture of Slavic, Roman, and Albanian blood from the area of the later Montenegro, and from the mountains between the Adriatic Sea and the river Drina. These people who were called Walachs and who mostly spoke a Roman language started to move along the Dinari Alps and the Velebit Mountains up to Istria in the 14th and 15th centuries. (note 25) Pavicic Stjepen = "On the language in Slavonia up to the Turkish War and the Great Migrations in the 16th and 17th centuries, Volume 22", and "the Settlement of the Lika Area" in the Almanac of Lika, 1934. The collapse of the old order that achieved its high point in the 16th and 17th centuries in the Balkans facilitated this move. The Turkish Lords soon recognized the utility of this enterprising, merry (martial?), and restless pastoral tribe, and incorporated them into their military units. Thus Turkish auxiliary and reconnaissance troops came into being. In the 15th century, these shepherds were already on the Turkish border, by the lower Vrbas River in middle Bosnia, and established on the right side of the Dinaric Alps. The Turkish Walachs settled in all districts between the villages of Orljavac and Ilova (in Pozega County) after the heavy fighting in West Slavonia. The Walachs along with the Turkish military pushed into the spacious settlements vacated to a large extent by the population resulting from the conquest of the lower Una river area, and the castles of Cetingrad and Knin. After 1556 they established themselves in the river basin of the upper Una River, where a part of the original inhabitants had been taken prisoner, and the others fled to either Austria or Hungary. Sometime later the Turkish settled the Walach shepherds near the southern Velebit Mountains. Around 1550, the Turkish authorities ordered wide wooded areas to be cleared that stretched from the Una river beyond the villages of Lapat and Srba until Adlina, Lovinac and Koren, and led people in there from the interior of the Balkans peninsula who had Orthodox beliefs. The expansive fields of central Lika that had remained empty were finally settled around 1577. Special formations were set up on the Turkish side along the entire Croatian border that provided military services on the Turkish military boundary. The farmers of this field were not required to do Robot (obliged to do certain work for the domain owner), however together with their Islamic Land owners they were obliged to wage war against the Christians. After the surrender of Bosnia in the 15th century, all of Bosnia formed a military boundary against Croatia. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Turkish military border extended from West Slavonia and Turkish Croatia, by the Una river area and Lika until the Velebit Mountains. The Turks settled the Walachs there, who were the Turkish auxiliary troops that were mentioned earlier. The Croatian State Parliament in the 16th century complained that the Walachs and Martalozen (pillaging auxiliary troops), as the Turkish vanguard, scorched and burned villages causing harm and abducted people in smaller raids. The Croatians finally ordered in 1586 that every captured Martalozen be speared alive (impaled?) to serve as an example of deterrence. The Croatian Parliament had never passed a resolution like this against the Moslems. 12,000 Martalozen reinforcements were stationed along the entire length of the Bosnian border from the Drava River to the Adriatic Sea by the end of the 18th century. The Turks had 6,500 regular soldiers besides these Martalozen. The settlement of the Walachs in Croatia established the foundation for the Orthodox Church in the 16th and 17th centuries. There were 10 Roman Catholic Diocese in today's Bosnia and in Herzegovina before the Turkish Wars with 45 Franciscan monasteries, and numerous monasteries of the St. John, Benedictine, Paulist, and Dominican Orders. Several convents of the Order of St. Claire also existed. Bogumiles lived alongside the Catholics also in this time, in those parts of Bosnia that belonged to Croatia before the arrival of the Turks. Orthodoxy appeared in Bosnia and Herzegovina only after the defeat of Bosnia. During the 16th century, Serbian Orthodox cloisters were established on the territory of the Turkish Empire up to the Croatian Turkish boundary. Walach herdsman and Walach auxiliary troops accompanied the Orthodox priests. In the 19th century, this Serbian influence finally imparted a Serbian mentality to the immigrated Orthodox Walachs on Croatian territory. The Serb settlement is to be differentiated from the Montenegro-Walach settlement, which came about through the systematic movement of Serbian nationalism from the south to the north. This movement led across Sirmien (Mitrovica) into the eastern part of the Batschka and into the Banat. The third component of today's Serbian nationality in the Croatian areas resulted from mass conversions of Catholics to the Orthodox Faith during the time of the Turkish Domain owners. Draganovics was the first to refer to this fact which had been overlooked up to now. There is good verification that entire Catholic communities converted to the Orthodox faith, particularly in eastern Herzegovina in the 17th century. The reason for this was twofold. There was a scarcity of Catholic priests, and publications with an Orthodox clergy viewpoint of Catholicism that had the full support of the Turkish authorities. The same process took place in Montenegro, where traces of the earlier Catholics had vanished in the 17th century. (End of this installment. To be continued in Newsletter No. 58A.) This newsletter continues as no. 57B

THE BURGENLAND BUNCH NEWS - No. 57B DEDICATED TO AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIAN BURGENLAND FAMILY HISTORY (issued biweekly by Gerald Berghold) May 15, 1999 (all rights reserved) This third section of the 3 section newsletter contains a list of Austrian and Hungarian rulers of the Burgenland, articles on the Distribution of the Family Name-Klemens, an Oberpullendorf Art Question and Family Name Mühl. BURGENLAND HISTORY - THE RULERS As we explore the background of our Burgenland families, we find many references to both Austrian and Hungarian rulers. It can become confusing. The following short list might be of value. I tried to include the major event which took place in each reign. As one member said "Thanks for the History lesson, I never paid any attention while in school!" You can also see the source of many Burgenland given names (many children were named for rulers and/or saints). THE AUSTRIAN HABSBURG and HABSBURG-LORRAINE RULERS (mostly taken from Robert A. Kann's "A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918", Univ. of Calif. Press, 1974. A simultaneous reign as King of Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia, Emperor, etc. may differ as to dates). While the line of "Austrian" rulers really begins with Leopold I, Margrave of the Ostmark, 976-994 AD, the period from there to 1437 has been left vacant due to the numerous changes in "Austrian" political structure which had no effect on the Burgenland. The Austrian involvement with the Burgenland of today really starts in 1526. Albrecht II 1437-1439 Friedrich II 1440-1493 Maximilian I 1493-1519 Charles V 1519-1556 - first siege of Vienna 1529 Ferdinand I 1556-1564 - also King of Bohemia, Croatia, Hungary Maximilian II 1564-1576 - major concessions to Protestants Rudolf II 1576-1612 - beginning of Counter Reformation - Turkish War Matthias I 1612-1619 - 30 Years War begins (1618) Ferdinand II 1619-1637 Ferdinand III 1637-1657 - Esterhazys gain Herrschaft of northern Burgenland Leopold I 1658-1705 - second siege of Vienna Joseph I 1705-1711 - War of the Spanish Succession Charles VI 1711-1740 - Pragmatic Sanction Maria Theresa 1740-1780 - Empress Consort, 1745, married to: Stephan of Lorraine 1745-1765 - Seven Years' war Joseph II 1765-1790 - Toleration Patent (Protestants allowed churches) Leopold II 1790-1792 Francis I 1792-1835 - War with France - Congress of Vienna Ferdinand I 1835-1848 - Hungarian Revolution Francis Joseph 1848-1916 - Peasants freed, ethnic strife, WWI Charles I 1916-1918 - Empire disolved, monarchy abolished.

KINGS OF HUNGARY (Excludes Austrian kings starting with Ferdinand I, 1526-1564) Arpad (chieftain) 875- 907 (AD) - Magyar tribes arrive Geza (duke) 972- 997 Stephen I (Saint Stephen, Istvan) 997-1038 - Apostolic King (papal crown) Peter Orseolo 1038-1041 - early German colonists arrive Aba Samuel 1041-1044 - Counts of Güssing established Peter Orseolo 1044-1046 Andrew I 1046-1060 Bela I 1060-1063 Salomon 1063-1074 Geza I 1074-1077 Ladislaus I (Saint Laszlo) 1077-1095 - the Regal Knight Salomon (Coleman Beauclerc) 1095-1116 - the Book Lover - political reforms Stephen II (abdicated) 1116-1131 Bela II 1131-1141 Geza II 1141-1161 Stephen III (the Lightning) 1161-1162 Ladislaus II 1162-1163 Stephen IV 1163-1165 Stephen III (sic) 1161-1173 Bela III 1173-1196 - "Gesta Hungarorum" written Emeric 1196-1204 Ladislaus III 1204-1205 Andrew II (Endre) 1205-1235 - political reforms, "Golden Bull" Bela IV 1235-1270 - Mongol Invasion Stephen V 1270-1272 Ladislaus IV 1272-1290 Andrew III 1290-1301 - House of Arpad ends Wenceslaus Wenzel of Bohemia 1301-1305 Otto of Bavaria 1305-1307 Charles I 1308-1342 Louis the Great 1342-1382 - Black Plague Mary (Queen) 1382-1387 Sigismond of Luxembourg 1387-1437 - Güssing Herrschaft to von Saro Albert of Habsburg 1437-1439 - first Turkish raids into Hungary Elizabeth (Queen) 1439-1440 Wladyslaw (Ulaszlo) Jagiello 1440-1444 Janos (John) Hunyadi, Regent 1446-1452 - scourge of the Turks Laszlo V (Ladislas) of Habsburg 1452-1457 Matyas (Matthias Corvinus) Hunyadi 1458-1490 - Renaissance King Wladyslaw II (Ulaszlo) Jagiello 1490-1516 - all the Balkans lost to Turks Lajos (Louis) II Jagiello 1516-1526 - died at Battle of Mohacs Franz Batthyány given Herrscaft of Güssing (1524). Hungary divided (1526) between Turkey (Ottoman Empire) and Austria. Did not regain partial independence until after 1848 Revolution, full independence following WW-I (1918). Burgenland ceded to Austria 1921. DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY NAMES - KLEMENS Newsletter 56B contained an article suggesting a scan of the Austrian telephone listings to find groupings of family names. Member Bruce Klemens did just that with some amazing results. He writes: "I read with interest your article on Distribution of Family Names in the last BB Newsletter. As you may recall from a previous correspondence, the Klemensi* family migrated from Croatia to Oslip in northern Burgenland in the mid-1500's as a result of the Turkish invasion. My grandfather and his siblings were all born in Oslip. The name got Germanized to Klemensich or Klemenschitz, and of course got shortened to the present Klemens in the USA. Anyway, a few months back I did exactly what you wrote about in your article. I looked up all the Klemensich and Klemenschitz names in Austria through the on-line Austrian phone directory. But I took it one step further. After accumulating the list of addresses I downloaded a map of Austria and showed the addresses as numbered points on the map. Well, let me tell you I nearly fell off my chair. As you can see from the attached map, some 450 years later, nearly all of the Klemensich and Klemenschitz names in Burgenland are still within 10 miles of Oslip! There are a bunch in Vienna, too, but I'm assuming they simply moved there for work. So the other day, I'm reading your article and at the end you list web sites for various on-line phone directories. I noticed the Hungarian site and a little light went off in my head. WHY NOT DO THE SAME THING FOR HUNGARY? So I did. There were no Klemensich or Klemenschitz names listed, so I did some wild card searching such as Klem*. I found out that the Magyarized version of Klemensi* is Klemensits or Klemencsics (Ed.-these are Croatian spellings). There are about the same number of these names in Hungary as I had previously found in Austria. (See attached map.) I had expected to find a bunch of names in the Sopron area, which is just across the border from all my Oslip area names. Sure enough, there were. The largest concentration of names was in the Sopron area. There were also a bunch of names in Budapest. I attribute this to exactly the same reason there were a lot of names in Vienna: they went there looking for work. But I also found a group along the Danube between Bratislava and Gyr, and a smaller group across the border from Güssing. I'm not sure if this is left over from the original migration or did they move to these places later. There's also a few miscellaneous names here and there as well as a few on the Croatian border. I'm thinking that the names on the border may not have been involved in the 16th migration at all, but simply may be Croatians who moved to the other side of the border at some other time. My second cousin Anna Odorfer in Eisenstadt told me the original Klemensi* family supposedly came from Dalmatia. I always wondered if this was true, which brings me to Frank Teklits' monumental and wonderful translation about the Croatian migration to Burgenland. Frank was kind enough to send me the sections mentioning Oslip, and sure enough, all the places of origin mentioned are in Dalmatia. Bravo, Frank! Thought you might be interested in this since your article inspired the Hungarian search. The map concept is certainly worthwhile if you don't have a whole lot of names." Ed. Comment: You write:<<I'm thinking that the names on the border may not have been involved in the 16th migration at all, but simply may be Croatians who moved to the other side of the border at some other time. My second cousin Anna Odorfer in Eisenstadt told me the original Klemensi* family supposedly came from Dalmatia.>> Remember that there was no border between today's Burgenland & Hungary pre 1921. Burgenland was in Hungary. The Austrian border was to the west, where the border with Lower Austria and Styria is today. Dalmatia is part of Croatia. It is the region next to the Adriatic sea. I've been there twice, Opatija, Split, Hvar (island), Dubrovnik. This area is Croatian having been incorporated in the Federated Croatian Republic in 1945. Dubrovnik was a semi-independent city until the 1800's. So your cousin isn't wrong. It's only that she's probably implying they came from the southern, (water) side of the mountains (Dinaric Alps), also called the "karst" as opposed to the northern side. The next few chapters of the Teklits translation spells this out. The Venetian Republic also included pieces of Dalmatia during Turkish times. They used the small village ports for their war galleys-I've read of the "Hvar war galley", etc. Look up definition of "Dalmatia" in Webster's geographic dictionary or an encyclopedia. ART QUESTION (from Fritz Konigshofer to new member Markus Prenner) Dear Markus, .... I am originally from Graz.... Welcome to the Burgenland Bunch. I was delighted to see that you are a high school teacher and work in Oberpullendorf. I had been hoping that someone would come along whom I could ask the following question. When I read the microfilms of the weekly newspaper Der Volksfreund which was published in Szombathely between about 1880 and 1916, I hit upon a remarkable little story. The story appeared in the issue of September 5, 1891, page 5. It stated that the bishop of Raab (= Gyr) with name Zalka had returned from a visit to Rome, where by chance he had seen what was said to be a copy of a painting by Raffael (in English, Raphael, 1483-1520-great Italian painter of the Renaissance). When Zalka saw this copy, it occurred to him that it was the identical painting as the altar-picture of the church of Oberpullendorf. Therefore, Zalka was speculating that the altar-picture of Oberpullendorf might be the original picture painted by Raffael. Have you ever heard this story? Is it still known at the parish of Oberpullendorf? Could you inquire the background with the parish priest? I am really curious how the story ended, and what is currently known about the origin of the altar-picture of the church of Oberpullendorf. Ed. Note: While we haven't heard from Markus, the Kersner & Peternell book "Der Bezirk Oberpullendorf im Wandel der Zeit" mentions two altar paintings. One in the village chapel of "Hll. Franz von Assisi" mentions an altar painting of St. Francis from the 17th century. Another in the "Pfarrkirche Hll. Apostel Simon und Judas Thaddus" is mentioned as a "worthwhile picture" of Hll. Franziscus, a copy of the Italian painter Domenichino. FAMILY NAME MÜHL, MUEHL (suggested by Theodore M. Muehl) The name Mill, spelled as above still means mill, that indispensable machine which reduces all sorts of things to manageable or edible proportions. The family name of course derives from people "of the mill", "by the mill", etc. It is also part of the larger body of names which derive from the occupation "miller" or "one who mills". There are many other German derivatives from the Latin "molinarius" like Muehlenberg (mill mountain), Muehlebach (mill brook), Muehlhaus (mill house), Muehlheim (mill hamlet), etc. My interest is with the family "Mühl" as encountered in southern Burgenland. I've traced my maternal grandmother's family to Mihaly Mühl (1797 - 1873). He and wife Maria Vukits (b abt 1803) had nine children born in Neustift and other villages in the Güssing area where he taught school. As far as I know, none of his children followed him in the teaching profession. His last teaching post was in Urbersdorf and he retired to Rosenberg. His son Joseph (1834-1885, my great grandfather) was a casket maker. He married Johanna Pltl and they had three children who emigrated to the US along with the mother following Joseph's death. A brother Ferentz (b1843) with wife Julianna Perner (1851-1892) was also a casket maker (arcularious). They had 12 children, some of whom also emigrated. There is anoher Mühl family found in the Königsdorf area (near Elterndorf-Rudersdorf) who were also school teachers for at least three generations. So far no link to the Güssing Mühls nor to a large group of the same name in Kemeten. There are obviously many Mühls found in Germanic regions, not to mention England. A website for the name can be found as Ted Muehl writes: "Thought you might be interested in this. I will put it in quotes and list the source directly. Do you think that any of our Mühls stemmed from here? Do you think there is something to this?" http://www.concentric.net/~jmuehl/muehl.shtml Hans-Joachim Mühl writes: > Hallo to all the Mühl's all over the world. Interesting to see, how many Mühls are living in US. Guess for all english speaking people, Mühl is difficult to pronounce, as this "" does not exist in the english. I am German, living close to Frankfurt. My father's origin is from a little German town called "Gau-Odernheim". In the history of this little town a lot of Mühls are named. It is very likely, that the origin of the last name Mühl is from the Netherlands. About 350 to 400 years ago, people have to leave the dutch country because of religious trouble (war of the Hugenots). Some of them came to "Gau-Odernheim" area and stayed there. Others went further south-east through Austria to an area in Bulgaria, others east to Upper Silesia, now Polish. My father has tracked back his family-tree to 1650-1630. Could imagine, that some of these emigrated in the 19th century to America. Regards to all the Mühls and those who are connected.> Another lost migration story. Did one of the Mühls mentioned end up in Kemeten, Burgenland with descendants drifting south and starting other branches around Güssing and Eltendorf? We'll probably never know. Maybe the name Mühl has a beginning in that land of "mills"- Holland? END OF NEWSLETTER-EDITED & DISTRIBUTED BY GERALD J. BERGHOLD