BB News No. 92 dtd 31 Jan 2001

THE BURGENLAND BUNCH NEWS - No. 92 DEDICATED TO AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIAN BURGENLAND FAMILY HISTORY (now issued monthly by Gerald Berghold) January 31, 2001 (all rights reserved) Check out ALL of the lists shown on our homepage at: http://www.the-burgenland-bunch.org WE HOPE WE'VE ELIMINATED THE TRUNCATION PROBLEM WHICH SURFACED IN NEWSLETTERS N0S. 91, 91A & 91B. IF NOT, YOU'LL BE RECEIVING ANOTHER ADDENDUM THESE NEWSLETTERS ARE SENT TO 615 ADDRESSEES NOTE TO RECIPIENTS. If you don't want to receive these Burgenland Bunch newsletters, use the Membership Forms to change your status. We can't help with non-Burgenland family history. Comments and articles are appreciated. Our staff and web site addresses are listed at the end of newsletter section "B". Introductions, notes and articles without a by-line are written by the editor and reflect his views. This first section of the 3 section newsletter contains: * Comment From "Allentown Affairs" * Correct Way To Advise of Address Changes * Village Names Change But Records Remain * Best Time To Visit Burgenland * Genealogy From Bohemia * Passenger Lists 1901 COMMENT FROM "ALLENTOWN AFFAIRS" This article from the Dec. 31, 2000 issue created a lot of comment. As stated, titles to music can be difficult to translate. I was correct on some, wide of the mark on others. Fortunately we have some members who can set us straight. * From Ingeborg Schuch A short note to clarify two of the musical titles you listed in the section ALLENTOWN AFFAIRS (from Robert Strauch)... annual "Sautanz" ...: > "Mama, geh bitte schau oba" - "Mama, please watch over me from the heavens above" > "Schön is so a Ringelspiel" - "Oh what fun it is to be on a merry-go-round" A mere trifle, but maybe interesting nonetheless. * From Kurt Heinrich I have some information concerning the songs cited by R. Strauch in the last ALLENTOWN AFFAIRS article: re: Wiedersehn, right, that is: see you again. Cerny Cigan: crn is black in Serbocroat, so that title is the same as the German: schwarzer Zigeuner. Mama, geh bitte schau oba: oba is incorrect German: darüber or hinüber, or over there. Geh mach dein Fensterl auf: alludes to the custom of visiting one's girlfriend by means of a ladder, and entering by her window, - provided she opens it. Compare: illegit. births. Ringelspiel, is the merry-go-round, or Carrousel. So, this means: How nice is such a merry-go-round! The Fasching Ball is a Carnival dance festival. (with masks, as you said). * Gerhard Lang however, not only commented on the titles. He sent me the words to some of the songs and best of all, even sent "midi" attachments of the music itself. My wife will attest to the way I laughed with joy as I played the music while reading the words. I then copied Bob Strauch via surface mail. It would be nice if I could add music, graphics and attachments to the newsletters, but I'm afraid that will have to wait until we have better email consistency. At the present time, we have too many problems among different computers, software and servers. Gerhard writes: I just came back from a "Sylvester-Party", where I played (as part of the band) and on going through my e-mail I found the BB-Newsletter 91A. I read through the article about Robert Strauch and wanted to answer him directly, but I couldn't find any e-mail address in the member board of BB. (ED> Bob is not on the net.) Probably you could forward my mail to him, it includes the text and a midi-version of "Mama, geh' bitte schau owa", "Die schöne Burgenländerin", "Ja, mir san mit'n Radl da (the refrain is taken from "over in the glory land"), "Du schwarzer Zigeuner". Maybe it will help at their "Fasching Ball". Du schwarzer Zigeuner (as far as I know it) Heut' kann ich nicht schlafen geh'n, heut find ich keine Ruh'. Ich will Tanz und Lichterglanz und Musik dazu. G'rad weil ich so traurig bin, d'rum bleib' ich nicht allein, will mein Herz betören bei Musik und Wein. Du schwarzer Zigeuner, komm' spiel mir was vor, denn ich will vergessen heut', was ich verlor. Du schwarzer Zigeuner, Du kennst meinen Schmerz, und wenn Deine Geige weint, weint auch mein Herz. Spiel mir das süsse Lied aus gold'ner Zeit, spiel mir das alte Lied, von Lieb und Leid. Du schwarzer Zigeuner, Du kennst meinen Schmerz, und wenn Deine Geige weint, weint auch mein Herz. * I've added to some of your translations as follows: Mama, get bitte schau oba (Mama please look at Papa?) - Mama, please look down (at me) Schön is so a Ringelspiel (I give up on this one-Pretty as a ringdance?) - not really!!!;-)) a "Ringelspiel" is a dialect word for "carousell" (spelling correct?), I would translate as "How beautiful is a carousell". Here is one (text only) for you: "Was wünsch' ma denn dem Hausherrn zu diesem neuen Jahr? wir wünschen ihm a schwarze Hosn, wo die Dukat'n drinnat losn. Was wünsch' ma denn danebn? Viel Glück und a langes Leb'n! Was wünsch' ma denn der Hausfrau zu diesem neuen Jahr? Wir wünschen ihr a Himmelbett mit Gold und Silber überdeckt. Was wünsch'n ma ihr danebn? Viel Glück und a langes Leb'n!" This traditional New-Year's song was often heard on New-Years Day in Burgenland and I want to wish you herewith "Viel Glück und a langes Leb'n". I have taken the words out of a book full of old Burgenland folksongs. BTW I thought about posting texts of Burgenland Folksongs from time to time in the BB-Newsletter for our friends in the U.S. - let me know what you think about that idea. I hope, you have spent the Holidays well and had a good start into 2001. Best regards, Gerhard CORRECT WAY TO ADVISE OF ADDRESS CHANGES We still have lots of address changes coming in every which way. Finally, along comes Joe & Mary Morey who get it right. I was so amazed I just had to reply. I write in reply: Mary, thank you so much for advising us of your address change in the proper manner. It's like pulling teeth to get members to comply. I spend more time making these changes than I do writing articles. You are one of the first to comply and I plan to use it as a short example if you don't mind. Mary responds: As always, I enjoy reading the BB news and getting the information contained in the newsletters. I have found several new "cousins" and also several more generations of ancestors. Its great to find others who are working on the same lines and willing to share info. Thank you so much for the BB. VILLAGE NAMES CHANGE BUT RECORDS REMAIN Perhaps some confusion exits among those who find that their ancestral villages are no longer known by their old names. They may feel that the records no longer exist. Not so. Those records have been cast in stone by being archived in Budapest and other places and also copied by the LDS. This is illustrated by the following: From Amanda Haft I just recently joined the Burgenland Bunch--you probably remember me, I'm the one with the problem involving the Ostovich family from Fusthege. Anyway, I was wondering how I would go about finding vital records for this family since the village I guess no longer exists? I remember you saying something about how it was very small, about 98 Roman Catholics. I found out from my great aunt that my great grandmother (Theresa Ostovich) was born in September 1890 in Fusthege. I don't know who her parents were because my grandmother always told me that her parents were orphans. Is there any way around this stumbling block? I don't know if it helps, but Grammy (my grandmother) said that Theresa spoke Croatian, Hungarian, German, and English fluently. So I figure either her parents spoke those languages, or maybe it was just because she grew up in Burgenland. I would really appreciate any tips or advice you could give me! My reply: Oh but it does exist! Füsthegy is now called Rauhriegel-Allersgraben in the Austrian Burgenland in the district of Oberwart with people attending church in Neumarkt im Tauchental and civil matters administered from Weiden bei Rechnitz. The church records 1828-1896 are available from the LDS (Mormon church) at any of their history centers. Microfilm number is 0700661. Civil records (1896-1920) -Weiden- are 0665230-231. See our archives on how to use the LDS and read these records. Not too difficult. What you do is order the film (costs 3.50/film for postage-you need only the one for an 1890 birth) for mailing, read the records at the history center nearest you (see URL list for LDS website to find where the history centers are). You take 0700661, turn to the baptisms for Sept. 1890, find your grandmother's name and birth date and there you'll see her parents names and maybe their ages and place of birth. You can then go back from there for at least two more generations. Let me know how you make out. BEST TIME TO VISIT BURGENLAND? From William Kramer, who writes: I just wanted to take a moment and say thanks for all of your work. I read all of your e-mails and print most of them for future reference. I also wanted you to know that my research this year really hit a high note. Thru the local civil registry in Ujhegy (now Neuberg 35)I was able to find the name of a local person who pays taxes on two graves in Neuberg, having the last name of "Ivancsics" (my grandmother's maiden name). After months of trying to correspond in English and German, I finally had a response from a young woman who has given me valuable information about my Mother's family. I believe she is actually a cousin. I am still in the process of analyzing the information she sent me, but I think it will be a great help. If I wanted to make a trip over there this year, what would be the best time to go, and do you have any specific suggestions for me in my research when I go there? (Other than the suggestions in your previous newsletters, of course). Thanks again for all your work. I really enjoy your newsletters. I wonder how many BB members are related and don't realize it? My reply: I find Spring and early summer (May-June) very nice with the new fruit blossoms and everything green. Early Fall (Sept. & very early Oct.) is also very nice what with the harvest and the grape harvest. July is hot and August impossible, that being the European vacation month. (ED. Note: I'd really like to try the Xmas season some time and tie it in to the Viennese New Year celebration!). By all means read our previous trip articles and guides. Since you'll be in the Güssing area, be sure to read the magazine article I did from my 1993 trip there-You can get it by clicking on the first archive segment of the homepage (not the Roots-L one). I'd consider staying at the Gasthaus Kirchenwirt in Eltendorf, but there are many just as good. Try to get a local to help-maybe the person you're corresponding with. You'll want to make previous arrangements to visit the churches and cemeteries at both St. Michael and Neuberg as well as the village office (Gemeindeamt). Be sure to have your questions written down-again best if you can get local help. You should also plan a walking tour of Güssing, castle, book store, supermarket, cemetery, Szt Nicholas 12th Century church, Güssing Church and Cloister and stop in at the BG office and spend $15 to join. They may have some books you'd like as well as arranging for a tour of the emigrant museum. If you go in July, the BG picnic is July 8 at Moschendorf. I'd also visit, Stegersbach, Oberwart, Olbendorf, Rotenturm and all the surrounding villages. A nice way to do this is to breakfast at your gasthaus (provided with room), buy bread, cheese, wine and fruit locally, (always a nice experience) and then drive around and picnic for lunch. Be sure you pack a cork puller and a pocket knife. Most important thing is to plan how you'll spend every day and be well prepared. Take pictures of any family graves, war memorials, etc. Last but not least, you shouldn't go to Austria without seeing something of Vienna, maybe Graz, Innsbruck and Salzburg. Also spend a day at the Neusiedler See (Mörbisch or Rust) and perhaps another over the Hungarian border (day trips) to see the difference. It can be a trip of a lifetime (10 days to 3 weeks). Austrian Air has direct flights from Dulles to Vienna. Others transfer at Heathrow, London or Frankfurt, Germany. Check around, but rent your auto before you leave. Great auto pickup facilities in Vienna (but read the caution in our last newsletter). GENEALOGY FROM BOHEMIA Jim Siefert is a correspondent of long acquaintance. He is interested in Father Alexander Berghold (no link to your editor-I'm still searching), Catholic missionary to Minnesota-Dakota territory in the 1880's. The local parish in New Ulm, MN has erected a memorial to Father Berghold who has a most interesting history, which we'll bring you one of these days. He was from a small village near Graz, Styria. He was a Renaissance individual (priest, educator, author, poet, historian) whose story has been neglected both here and in Austria. Through the efforts of Jim, Fritz Konigshofer, Albert Schuch and myself, we have been able to piece together much of his story. As so often happens, people who get interested in tracing someone's life, often become interested in their own genealogy. Jim now writes: From Jim: I want to wish you and yours a Happy and Blessed New Year. Thank you again for all you have done. I enjoyed the article in BB News No.91 on "Just a Little Interest in Genealogy". A priest friend of mine at Notre Dame checked a microfilm of parish records from Kapsch, Bohemia. Besides his own ancestors he checked the Seifert ancestry who came from the same area. Our earliest known ancestor was Procopius Seifert baptized July 2.1713. He discovered that Procopius' parents were Simon and Eva Seyfert. He wrote in part "that the "y" with an umlaut" takes the place of an "i" in early German. I knew that there had possibly been a name change at some point. This confirmed it. Simon had about ten or eleven children between 1707 and 1737. I thought you might be interested in this news. Help is needed from many sources and some of it is very unexpected. (ED. Note: Jim lives in New Ulm where many inhabitants are descendants of German immigrants from Bohemia. Their story is not unlike that of the Burgenland immigrants, except that many of the German-Bohemian villages no longer exist due to ethnic cleansing following WWII. I often reflect that if it wasn't for the Treaty of Trianon and the Austrian border established in 1921, our Burgenland story could well be the same. If you have any Bohemian links, see our review of the book "German-Bohemians, The Quiet Immigrants", by Rippley & Paulson in a previous newsletter. Bohemia, just north of Austria, is in today's Czech Republic.) SHIPS ARRIVING PORT OF NY AUG. 9-13, 1901 (From Susan Stahley) I am researching Michael "Mike" Groller from Strem, Hungary (born in Eisenberg, Hungary) and his wife, Johanna "Jennie" Mondschein also from Strem, Hungary, which is now Strem, Austria. They were married before emigrating from Antwerp, Belgium on 3 Aug 1901. They settled in Northampton, PA and later to Moore Township, PA. Also, since you can send email to everyone on the list, could you do me a favor and ask people to email me if they need a look up in Vol. 353 passenger lists for ships that arrived in New York City between Aug. 9, 1901 and Aug. 13th. I am trying to write down everyone that left from Hungary in case anyone needs it in the future, but it would be easier if I knew if anyone was looking for passenger lists from that time frame. Newsletter continues as No. 92A THE BURGENLAND BUNCH NEWS - No. 92A DEDICATED TO AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIAN BURGENLAND FAMILY HISTORY (now issued monthly by Gerald Berghold) January 31, 2001 (all rights reserved) READ FIRST! * Can't find your immigrant ancestor's village? * Try Klaus Gerger's new combined surname-village search which matches 5500 surnames with the villages as they appear in our published village urbars and house lists. * Go to the BB Homepage and click on Klaus Gerger's Map Site, click on search, enter surname, click "start search." http://members.1012surfnet.at/gerger/HouseList/SurnamesSearch.htm This second section of the 3 section newsletter contains: * A Short History Of Steinfurt * Book Review-"Burgenland Panorama" * Western Hungary & The Bakony Region * Book "Community of Fuller Park" in 4th Printing * Belated Thanks-Szt. Peterfa Records A SHORT HISTORY OF STEINFURT (from Markus Prenner) (ED. Note-Steinfurt is in the district of Güssing in the south of Burgenland. We wish to thank Markus for sending us this article. It has the "ring" of authenticity and truly exemplifies village spirit. I think it's a great memorial and a splendid tribute to our past. Markus accompanied the history with a brief note: << Dear G. Berghold! Maybe you remember: About a year ago I became a member of the Bbunch. Working on a Dissertation of Burgenland, I'm interested in nearly everything concerning my home, which is facing a new challenge, the "reunion" with middle-eastern Europe. Hopes, fears (?); we will see. My father's family comes from Steinfurt. Nearly all of the Prenner's were parsons or teachers for many generations, none left Burgenland for America or other countries. But now, a cousin of mine works in Canada as a scientist (Biology, Chemistry). Best wishes. >> A SHORT HISTORY OF STEINFURT (from a speech by Kurt Prenner, translated by his son Markus) "A community without history is a community without identity!" - That's the reason why my father, Dir. Kurt Prenner, is keen on collecting everything having to do with his hometown Steinfurt (10 km to the s-e of Güssing). The following thoughts are the abbreviated and translated speech of my father on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the church in Steinfurt. At the place the celebrated church stands nowadays, once stood a bell-tower - so mentions the report of a visitation of the former Bishop of Lipoc, the Hungarian name of Steinfurt, in 1797. Furthermore that official report mentioned that all citizens of the little village were Croatians, settled here by the Batthyány's about 1545. Older documents described an older German settlement named "Steinfurt" (a document from 1489 named the village "Lapisdorf" - a latinized form, which means "Stone-Village"). During the time of the wars with the Turks, this settlement was devastated, only the so called "Nemeth-Hof" -German Manor ("nemeth", Hungarian word for "German") survived. New settlers, Croatians, then established themselves on the hills east of the old German settlement, near the old estate or "alter Meierhof". Most of them subsisted on sheep-breeding and pottery, as the old Steinfurt family name "Gerencser" (i.d. "potter") gives evidence. Though the people of Steinfurt were very poor, they began to erect a church at the place of the former bell-tower on the 24th of March 1897. The building was finished five months (!) later. There are no documents about the dedication of the church. But a cup exists with the engraved year 1898 and the organ, the masterpiece of an Hungarian organ-builder, was built in the same year - so we may estimate the dedication of St. George's Church was also 1898. The parson, Johann Herczeg (from 1918 till the end of the first half of the 20th century) asked the people of Steinfurt, when they wanted to celebrate the annual parish-fair. "After the harvest" was the unanimous answer. The reason was obvious: At that time they would have plenty to celebrate. I have already mentioned the poverty of Steinfurt. Large families, small number of acres, no big towns in the surrounding district - that's why many people (170) left their home for America, "with tears in our eyes" - we are told by a witness - "but never forgetting Steinfurt"! Tragic years were to come: During World War I (1914-1918) the smaller funeral bells rang for nine Steinfurt soldiers, who gave their lives for "God, emperor and fatherland" - as their mourning mothers had been "consoled". The larger church bells were taken by the war. But after rain comes - thanks be to God - sunshine: The emigrants never forgot their hometown. In 1922, about Easter time, they gave new bells as a gift to their old-home church. By the way: About 80 of the emigrants returned to Steinfurt! Although another thirty hard years went by, a new altar was built inside the church. The first altar had been from an old Greek-Orthodox church, probably from the Hungarian Puszta, used there as a so called "iconostasis" (wall of holy pictures, important in the Orthodox service). A painter from Güssing, Johannes Pomper, provided lovely pictures of Jesus' "way of the cross". In 1938 - not only for Steinfurt - began years of suffering and pain. This time the funeral-bells for Steinfurt soldiers were heard thirteen times. Not for "God, emperor and fatherland", now for the "German Reich" and the "beloved Führer". We, born years later, can only imagine with what scorn and sarcasm this was viewed by the mother, who lost her son, and the wife and children, who missed their husband and father, when told that their loved ones had "the honor to fight and die for the Führer". But times became even harder. In spring 1945, cannon-thunder was heard from the tower of Maria Weinberg, the parish-church of Steinfurt. For many people a miracle occurred, this beautiful church was not destroyed! Only a few knew about the (artillery) observation post at the top of the tower! The Russians, if they had that information, wouldn't have left one stone upon another! Seventeen German soldiers are buried in this graveyard - until 1820 it was also the graveyard for Steinfurt. During the night of the 5th of April the German troops left Steinfurt. The following story is known to only a few people: A highly decorated German officer wanted the Steinfurt people to leave their village and retreat with the army. The church was even prepared to be blown-up with dynamite! But the former mayor, Rudolf Gerencser, replied bravely: "If you want to destroy Steinfurt, you'll have to destroy us with the buildings! - WE WILL STAY HERE!" The next day many horse drawn wagons of the Russian army passed Steinfurt. All of the houses were occupied by officers. About 300 soldiers lived at the "Meierhof". At Mikin's, the house-name for house #3, a military hospital was established. The chief-officer (a major, and his adjutant) lived at the school. Fortunately he was of a German minority, living at the river Volga in Russia, who had had to swear to his mother, never to touch a German wife. So - all in all - most of the soldiers left no great material or even human damage in Steinfurt. But not long after that, a company of Cossacks came from Körmend as well as Russian civilians, looking for goods and women. First the women and girls were hidden under the roof or in the cellars. Then the people defended themselves. Getting rid of such persons strolling around Steinfurt, the little church bell called all inhabitants out on the street - remember: the great bells were taken to make canons years ago - gathered on the street, protected by the community, nobody could do the women any harm! Thanks God, even those days went by and many men came back from the war safe and sound. They went on to make their home worth living. In 1949 the church was renovated, installed new church-bells in 1952, colored window-glass in 1959 and later a renewed organ accompanied the hymns and songs, honoring the Good-Lord for being with Steinfurt. During the 1950s electric-lights were installed, a new road surfaced, a fire-department with a new fire-engine organized- the new times made Steinfurt prosper. One day brought sadness to Steinfurt again: the local school was closed. No more the daily laughter and sounds of happy children. They now had to get their education in Strem or in Güssing. Mentioning the school: In 1969/70 Austrian politicians were proud to be able to offer Austrian pupils school-books for free. But in Steinfurt, the former aristocratic Batthyány family, patrons of Steinfurt, and of the dynasty, who had settled the Croatians in the area 400 years ago, and with the help of the local parson had earlier established a charitable endowment. From this endowment, children of Steinfurt already had free school-books as early as the 19th century! After the devaluation of money in the Twenties the municipality had also taken charge of the financing of school-books. The primary heyday of Steinfurt in the late 20th-century was the honor of winning the contest for the "prettiest flower-town of all Europe! The charming and lovely village-green, once a watering-place for animals was changed into a sea of flowers and trees. But it was not only the flowery jewels of the houses or the beautifully situated village, surrounded by rolling hills and healthy forests, that impressed the European-judges: The entire community, the friendly people, the openhearted charm of the inhabitants, the customs they celebrated, all these made the judges also feel a part of the community. Visitors, for example from Steinfurt in Germany, a village, similar to our Steinfurt in Baden-Wurttemberg are convinced of that. There is a partnership between the "Steinfurts". Not long ago, near a cross beside the church, erected in memory of a young man who was dragged to death by a horse, the community initiated a "gossiping place". A stone-bench invites inhabitants and visitors to sit, enjoy a soothing summer-evening, talk about the news and tell stories about the old days. A tradition you could have found in the old Burgenland every evening: sitting on the bench under the tree in front of your house. You do not find it too often nowadays in other villages. This 100-year-anniversary of the church, celebrated just a short time ago was a splendid festival and confirmed once more, what history has showed us over the centuries. Our village, small and not very important, compared with the great Austrian cities, exemplifies people supporting each other in good times and bad. Our village spirit enables us to look forward confidently into our future - come what may. Jan. 2001 Subsequent note from Markus: If any of the "bunch" wants to know anything about Steinfurt, you may contact me by e-mail or write to my father, a "Steinfurt-specialist": Dir. Kurt Prenner, Meierhofgasse 6/12, 7540 Güssing, Austria - he will be getting an e-mail number in a few weeks. Aside: My mother was brought up in Raiding, the birth-place of the musician Franz Liszt. If anyone is interested in this town, I can help there, too. MMag. Markus K. Prenner Raiffeisengasse 7; A-7312 Horitschon BOOK REVIEW-BURGENLAND PANORAMA (from Albert Schuch) (ED> Note: Gerhard Land mentioned this book in a previous issue of the newsletter. We are still attempting to find a source which would ship to the US.) Albert writes: I just had the opportunity to review a copy of the English edition of "Burgenland Panorama" by Gesellmann/Stefanits (my sister Inge bought it), and I have to say that I am quite pleased with it. As indicated by the title, the book - which might be categorized as a coffee table book - provides a good and lavishly illustrated overview of Burgenland. The texts dealing with the individual villages are very short (and in the first place written for tourists), but on the other hand (almost?) all Burgenland villages are included. The book also provides short but good overviews on topics like history, culture, ethnic groups, politics, economy, nature etc., plus a well written foreword by the current U.S. ambassador to Austria, Ms. Kathryn Walt Hall. I also did spot a few mistakes, but voluminous books (this one has 390 pages, at 24 x 29 centimeters) seldom come without any flaws. For example, I noticed that the photo accompanying the text about Kleinpetersdorf does definitely not depict our village. To give you an idea of the texts, I am quoting the (whole) section about Poppendorf: << Poppendorf im Burgenland. Municipality of Heiligenkreuz im Lafnitztal. The German speaking village area of Poppendorf is built around a village green and has more than 430 inhabitants and a predominantly agricultural structure. Situated near the connecting road between Graz and Budapest close to the state border, Poppendorf is one of the villages with most emigrants. Well-kept cycling and hiking tracks as well as hunting and fishing facilities provide the basis for a good holiday. Vineyards and gravel ponds in the environment also encourage tourism. >> All in all, the English version is well written, thanks to Mr. Vincent Robinson, M.A., who was responsible for the "correction and improvement of the English version" (as is stated in the book). I had, by the way, the pleasure to attend Mr. Robinson's English lessons at Oberschützen High School, and so had my sister Inge. There is no doubt that Mr. Robinson did a good job, as is shown by the short bios of the authors. (See below.) authors' biographies: Georg Gesellmann, born 1938, MA, academic painter, organizer of numerous festivity publications, editor of catalogues and films; exhibitions at home and abroad, intensive confrontations with possibilities of the media, various multimedia performances, dealing with experimental visual side effects beside applied photography. Günther Stefantis, MA, PhD, representative of the Croatian ethnic group, former German and English teacher, state inspector (superintendent) for grammar schools, author and editor of publications dealing with folklore and regional history, frequently working as an interpreter between the state government and foreign delegations. WESTERN HUNGARY & THE BAKONY REGION Although we call ourselves the Burgenland Bunch, we also cover the Hungarian border regions. Like a piece of string, once you start to unravel the geography, it's hard to place a limit on where to stop. We've not really established a limit, but I prefer to keep our research west of Lake Balaton. This just about covers the area within which today's Burgenland descendants may find links. Some time ago Ernest Chrisbacher joined us. He has since been added to our staff as our expert on western Hungary. Ernest has developed a surname data base of parts of western Hungary, with emphasis on the Bakony region. He recently copied me on the following: From Ernest Chrisbacher replying to William Dampf I have the following Kanzlers in my database of immigrants to USA from Veszprem County.: #1521 John, married St. Benedicts, Newark, NJ 6/19/1904 #2550 Magdalena, Married Most Holy Redeemer, NYC 2/03/07, from Dobroente, Veszprem County. # 2615 Michael, Bapt. 3/11/1884 Dobroente, Veszprem County, Married 6/14/1908 Most Holy Redeemer, NYC #1637 Stephan, married St. Benedicts, Newark, NJ 1/22/1908 I have no Dampf in my database Bakonykoppany was settled prior to Dobroente, so you have given me a clue to search for my earlier Kanczler line. If you happen to come across my ancestors: Josef Kantzler, born about 1745 and his wife Maria Anna born abt 1745, please contact me. BOOK "THE COMMUNITY OF FULLER PARK" STILL AVAILABLE" From Barb Guttmann I just received an announcement that Rudolph Unger's book, "The Community of Fuller Park; Those Were the Days My Friends" is going into its 4th printing. Anyone who would like to order a copy should send a check for $26.00 to Rudolph Unger at 6915 Lexington Court, Tinley Park, Illinois 60477. I was disappointed to learn that the book was out of print, but Mr. Unger kept my name and address and just advised me of this new printing. Others may also be interested. (ED. Note: Fuller Park is a suburb of Chicago and was (is) home to many Burgenländers and their descendants. Chicago still has many active ethnic clubs and organizations.) BELATED THANKS (Frank Teklits & Fritz Konigshofer) Frank writes: Fritz, You have done many things for the BB & for me in the past, and I must make sure that I thank you properly. On 4/1/2000 you forwarded an email message to me with information that you uncovered in the Széchényi library, found in Kälmän Horväth books on nobility. At the time this email arrived, I was immersed in the digitizing the old Szentpeterfa Church records, birth & marriages, of the period 1681 to 1796. I also took John Lavendoski's fine analysis of my lineage, & set it aside for the same reason. Having completed the work on the marriage records dating from 1683-1796, along with the 1st pass through the birth records, I took a small break & structured the marriage & birth records of my lineage found in these records. This allowed me to positively identify my ancestors through one Frank Teklits who was married on 1/26/1769 to a Catherine Horvath; however with the sparse information provided in these old records, there was no positive method of linking him to the numerous Teklits marriages & births I've accumulated. After assimilating the data in your email, lo & behold, there was a fantastic linkage provided in your 4/1/00 email, in the phrase "Francisci Condam Teklics Filius Franciscus habet filios Joannem et Georgium, Georgius rursus Franciscum". Having seen another Franciscus Teklits married on 7/1/1736 to another Catherine Horvath, the data from the Kälmän Horväth books links my lineage positively back another generation to his birth, assumed to be in the 1710-1715 time frame. I thank John Lavendiski for providing me the same result many months earlier, but as I'm positive that he understands, it was something that had to verify by myself. I hope to soon begin tracing Dr. Geosits sources. He writes in his text "Szentpeterfa/Prostrum/Petrovo Selo" that the nobility census of 1696 shows only two noble families (John Arvay, & Nicholas Teklits) living in Szentpeterfa, and that the 1728 Conscriptio Regnicolaris (census) refers to "Nobilus Functos Colonicantes Possidentes (Noble land owners), and to the heirs of John Arvay, Sigismund Niczki, & Nicholas Teklits (Sr.). Hopefully one of these sources, among others, can provide another linkage to an earlier Teklits ancestor, tying us to one of the Teklits family records found in the 1680 or 1690 time periods. I extend my thanks again for your outstanding research, since as you can see, it was vital in establishing a firm link across another generation gap in my lineage. Fritz writes: Frank, Thank you very much for your message. I am glad that you had time to return to the notes I had sent on April 1 of last year, and that they served a good purpose. By the way, I have long since gone through LDS's Vienna residency records for female bearers of the name Juracic hailing from Szentpéterfa, but still have to find the time to write and send these notes to you and John Lavendoski. This will coming your way some time in the future. Now I have a question. I recently went through my old notes from church records regarding an ancestor, Josef Fürsatz, who had been the village teacher in Pilgersdorf from around 1830 till the mid 1840s or even the early 1850s. What has eluded me is what happened to him in Pilgersdorf, or whereto he had transferred from there. However, his widow, Rosalia nee Berger, died in Eberau (Monyorókerék) on January 6, 1881, and was buried at the cemetery of Kulm (Kólom). This was recorded in the parish of Szentpéterfa. When she died, Rosalia Fürsatz nee Berger most likely lived with her son Anton Fürsatz who, I believe, was the notary public at Eberau at the time. However, from my notes I do not understand why she was buried in nearby Kulm. Since you have copies of all the parish records of Szentpéterfa, could you check whether all the deceased of Eberau were interred in Kulm? The death record states that she was the widow after schoolmaster Josef Fürsatz, without further village reference. This raises the possibility that Josef Fürsatz might have taught in Eberau or Kulm. When you have computerized the records (including vital events in Kulm and Eberau), could you perhaps find the death of Josef Fürsatz in Kulm, or possibly Eberau, from 1850 onwards. However, my notes say that I did look through the death records of the Szentpéterfa parish from 1860 onwards. Apparently, I did not browse through the decade of the 1850s. Newsletter continues as No. 92B THE BURGENLAND BUNCH NEWS - No. 92B DEDICATED TO AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIAN BURGENLAND FAMILY HISTORY (now issued monthly by Gerald Berghold) January 31, 2001 (all rights reserved) * WE MUST HAVE NAME, OLD ADDRESS AND NEW ADDRESS FOR EMAIL ADDRESS CHANGES! This third section of the 3 section newsletter contains: * Emigration As A Military Bride * URL Changes (large list) * Member Changes (19 new members) EMIGRATION AS A MILITARY BRIDE (from Susann Piccinino) ED. NOTE: Burgenland emigration to the United States can be divided into three major periods, prior to 1890, the great "Auswanderung" 1890-1922, and the period following 1922 (when quota and immigration laws went into effect. Some later emigrants entered through refugee and political asylum visas as well as marriage to US citizens). Most of our research has involved the first two groups. We have had very little correspondence concerning the third. Of special interest is the war bride situation. Susann Piccinino Susan Piccinino writes: <<My Grandmother, Anna Von Gott, born in 1900 to Maria Baierl and Johann Von Gott, was orphaned in 1904 at the Orphanage Kloster Neuburg. Anna Von Gott married Joseph Wanderer from Breitenbrunn, Burgenland in 1929. My mother Rosalia Wanderer was born September 28, 1933. Rosalia Wanderer married Carlo Piccinino an American soldier around 1950 or 1951 and came to the USA. Anything you have or that you can direct me to regarding my family please let me know and put me on your list for newsletters.>> My reply: Breitenbrunn (Hungarian name Fertöszeleskut) is now in the district of Eisenstadt (pre 1921 in the district of Ödenburg, Sopron Megye, Hungary). It has its own church and records from 1828-1921 are available from the LDS (see our archives on how to do this). Your case is interesting in that you're the first case of a military marriage emigration that we've been made aware of in over 600 members. The orphanage situation is also interesting. I'd like to do an article on this. Could you expand what you've written? I'd like to include it in a future newsletter. We could also send it to Austria for inclusion in the Burgenländische Gemeinschaft Newsletter. They'd love to have such a story and it could result in some contacts from relations. Be sure to contact Albert Schuch as explained in our Invitation Letter (I'm copying him). G. Berghold, BB Susann replies: I received only a little bit more information regarding the military immigration of my mother Rosalia Wanderer and her sister Josephine...Thank you for the help and the interest in my story. I am looking forward to continuing my research at your wonderful web site. UPDATE: My Grandmother, Anna Von Gott Schuh, was born in 1900 to Maria Baierl and Johann Von Gott Schuh, in Korneuburg, Nieder Oesterreich. Maria and Johann died in a flu epidemic. Anna and her sister Rosalia were orphaned and an elderly aunt took them in for a short time, but they were eventually sent to the Orphanage; Kloster Neuburg run by Catholic Nuns in 1904. Rosalia Von Gott Schuh was married to a farmer from Hausdorf. They had a winery which was passed onto their children. The winery is still run by a grandson, Werner. Anna Von Gott Schuh was sent off to be a nanny and house keeper for the postmaster of Niederleis, Andreas Halzl and his wife Maria. Andreas Halzl arranged for her to be married to Joseph Wanderer from the village Breitenbrunn, Burgenland. Joseph was widowed with 4 children and Anna brought him 1000 schillings as a dowry. The first child of Anna Von Gott Schuh, Josephine Wanderer, was born on January 17 1929. My mother Rosalia Wanderer was born September 28, 1933. They also had a son named Franz (birth date unknown). Josephine Wanderer married an American Soldier Robert MacKie and migrated to America. They boarded a train to Livorno Italy and from there boarded a military ship on January 17, 1953 to America. They had 6 children all of who I am in contact with. My Aunt Jo lives only about one hundred miles from me at Lake of the Ozark Missouri. I am trying to get family history from her. Rosalia Wanderer married Carlo Piccinino an American soldier around 1950 or 1951 and she came to the USA also. I believe that she came before her sister Josephine did. Rosalia Wanderer died in 1988 and never spoke of her heritage to me. Anything you have or that you can direct me to regarding my family above please let me know. BURGENLAND BUNCH INTERNET LINKS - ADDITIONS, REVISIONS 1/31/2001 (from Internet/URL Editor Anna Tanczos Kresh) BURGENLAND BUNCH MEMBERS' HOME PAGES o Huber, Jim http://jimhubersr.com - St. Francis, MN; Researching Huber, Tschida, Ziniel, Zinniel, Galpie, Nolz BURGENLAND INTERNET LINKS o BB Surnames pages http://home.triad.rr.com/steichen/BurgenlandBunch/surnames.html o Burgenländische Gemeinschaft http://go.to/BG - news about what is happening in Burgenland and to Burgenländers all over the world; English version in progress via the efforts of BB members Klaus Gerger, Albert Schuch and Inge Schuch o Gerger House Lists http://members.1012surfnet.at/gerger/HouseList/HouseLists2.htm - Burgenland village house lists by BB member Klaus Gerger; search utility GENEALOGY RESEARCH LINKS (OTHER) o Our Lost Family http://maxpages.com/ourlostfamily/ - Link, links, links GENEALOGY SOFTWARE LINKS o Family Treasures http://www.famtech.com/ftv4/index.html HUNGARIAN INTERNET LINKS o Ungarndeutsche http://www.ungarndeutsche.de - Site provides much information on German settlement in Hungary; very little pertains to Western Hungary or the Burgenland region, but the Donau-Swabian migration is well covered; German or Hungarian. o Hungarian National Tourist Office, NY http://www.gotohungary.com/ - Hungarian Tourism website (Margaret Kaiser) RADIO AND MUSIC SOURCES o Heimatsender Radio Herz http://www.radioherz.com/index.html - German Broadcast, Inc., Ontario, Canada; click on "On Air" and listen while you work (Hannelore Billowitz) o Musica http://www.musica.at/ - Music software, shareware, freeware, MP3 downloads URL CHANGES (revised links/descriptions) o Andert, Gene http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~andert/ - researching ANDERT, UNGER, MUTH, FLEISCHHACKER in Pamhagen, Austria. Migration to South Bend, IN 1897. USGenWeb Project Coordinator for Kosciusko County, Indiana o Gerger Bezirk Maps http://members.1012surfnet.at/gerger/Map/VillageMaps.htm - by BB member Klaus Gerger; maps of various Burgenland districts with village names in 3 languages; householder lists; some files are downloadable [description change only] o Bogardi's Hungarian Genealogy Links http://www.bogardi.com/gen/index.shtml - Janos Bogardi's links to Hungarian history, maps, dictionaries, emigration, translation services, sample letters, and more; for list of villages by county (megye) based on Hungarian national census of 1880 see 1882 Gazetteer of Hungary http://www.bogardi.com/gen/g104.shtml [moved house lists to Gerger section] SOURCE OF AUSTRIAN/BURGENLAND FLAGS (Fahnen) ~~~ Fahnen-Gärtner http://www.fahnen-gaertner.com/ [new address] o Cousins & Cousinhood http://www.arduini.net/tools/cousins.htm - good explanation of relationship charts and the meaning of "twice removed", etc. [new address] o Gensite http://www.genealogy.org/ - continually-updated report of the most-frequently visited genealogical sites on the web; usually contains links of use to BB researchers [changing name to Genealogy.org] o Helms Genealogy Toolbox http://www.genealogytoolbox.com/ - Genealogy Site Finder; over 70,000 links --- LDS Research Helps http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/rg/frameset_rhelps.asp - very helpful links, sorted by state or country; forms, research outlines, letter-writing guides, word lists; all sortable by place, title, subject, document type [changes in address, description] o Treasure Maps http://www.amberskyline.com/treasuremaps/ - not a map site; includes a tutorial on the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah, the world's largest genealogy collection [new address] o FeldGrau - German Armed Forces 1919-1945 http://www.feldgrau.com/ - Addresses for information and research; list of contacts for information on WWII German soldiers; MIAs and KIAs; WWII Military research, including SS Divisions [new address, improved name and description; formerly titled WWII Military Research] o Genealogy.com - software http://www.genealogy.com/softmain.html - links to several leading genealogy software sources [replaces Parsons Technology link] o Leo English-German Dictionary http://dict.leo.org/?lang=en - enter either English or German word; extensive list of idioms and phrases [new address, description] o New English-German Dictionary http://www.iee.et.tu-dresden.de/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/wernerr/search.sh - excellent; returns list of words, phrases, idioms; use online or download as shareware [revised description] o Expedia Maps http://maps.expedia.com/pub/agent.dll?qscr=mmfn - Enter village/city and country name anywhere in the world to display a map of the area selected; includes zoom capability; driving directions limited to US only [new address] o IBGS - Interlink Bookshop and Genealogical Services http://www.interlinkbookshop.com/index.html - (for purchase) European road atlases, maps, including Austro-Hungarian Empire historical maps [new link; formerly Genealogy Unlimited, Inc., which is no longer available] o Emigration - Ships http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/8745/emigrat/emi_ship.html o Emigration - Ports http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/8745/emigrat/emi_port.html - info on ports of Hamburg and Bremen [name change; formerly German Ports] o Hamburg Passenger Lists http://www.genealogy.net/gene/misc/emig/ham_pass.html - list of microfilms of Hamburg passenger lists (1850-1934) available for loan from the LDS-FHC [new address] o KinShips http://www.kinshipsprints.com/ - matted color prints of passenger ships, usually in color (for a fee - no endorsement implied) [new address] o Musik der Regionen http://www.steirisches-volksliedwerk.at/ton.htm - Folk music from the various regions of Austria; these CDs were recorded with a mobile sound studio at home, in local pubs and restaurants, in mountain farms [new address] o Musikverein Trachtenkapelle Mischendorf http://listen.to/mvtk-mischendorf/ [new address] o Spielmusik Schönfeldinger - Bernstein http://www.lotusrecords.at - Lotus Records (Salzburg); fine Burgenland folk music; click on CD-Catalogue, search for Spielmusik, listen to music clip online [site ok, but music clip no longer available] o RST-Records http://www.sra.at/comps/197/7365.htm - Burgenland music records and CDs [new address] o AltaVista Search Engine http://www.altavista.com/ - search engine; many international links have option for language translation [new address] o Intersearch Österreich http://www.intersearch.at/ [new address] URLS DROPPED - LINKS BROKEN/CHANGED - INFORM URL EDITOR IF YOU KNOW ALTERNATE URL] o Postleitzahlen Österreichs http://www.bank-styria.com/seek01.htm - interactive searches for WWW links, email addresses, telephone numbers, Austrian postal codes [link broken] o SSDI at Genealogy.com http://www.genealogy.com/genealogy/gen_ssdisearch.html - this Social Security Death Index lists last known residence (based on recorded zip code; errors could possibly occur) [no longer a good site for SSDI; other SSDI sites are available; general Genealogy.com URL is being retained] o SSDI at UFT http://www.uftree.com/UFT/Nav/familytracersearch.html - Ultimate Family Tree; another location for retrieval of U.S. Social Security Death Index data [no longer a good site for SSDI; other SSDI sites are available; general Ultimate Family Tree URL is being retained] --- LDS German Research Outline http://www.familysearch.org/sg/Germany.html - some very helpful links [still available, but merged into LDS Research Helps] o Parsons Technology http://www.parsonstech.com/genealogy/index.html - Family Tree Maker, Family Origins, Archives [URL dropped; see Genealogy.com software site] o Hung-Eng/Eng-Hung dictionary http://hal9000.elte.hu/szotar.html - more than 150,000 records; (DOS-based, comprehensive, easy to use; 51 MB; can download) [link broken] o Rivendel Dictionaries and Translators http://rivendel.com/~ric/resources/dictionary.html - Multi-language dictionaries and translators; links to many free online translation services; links to dictionary and language course sites [link broken] o Genealogy Unlimited, Inc http://www.itsnet.com/~genun/maps.html - (for purchase) European road atlases, maps, including Austro-Hungarian Empire historical maps (This site now contains the following notice: "Genealogy Unlimited has been sold to Interlink Bookshop and Genealogical Services IBGS, Victoria, BC. Canada http://www.interlinkbookshop.com/index.html... After March of 2000, IBGS will continue selling the maps and atlases.") [Genealogy Unlimited site no longer available] o German Ports http://home.snafu.de/garling/emi_port.html - info on ports of Hamburg and Bremen [see Emigration - Ports] o Searchlinks in Alle Welt http://oehwww.uibk.ac.at/wsearch.htm - Austrian and world-wide search links [link broken] MEMBER CHANGES * NOTE-WE WILL NO LONGER PUBLISH ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS WHOSE MAIL IS RETURNED. THESE ADDRESSES WILL BE REMOVED FROM NEWSLETTER DISTRIBUTION LISTS. NEW MEMBERS Annie Bigelow; Durham NC; researching LUKITSCH (Grieselstein, Henndorf, Jennersdorf) emigrated to Allentown, PA 1924. GOLLES (Grieselstein) married to Lukitsch and emigrated to Allentown, PA 1928 on ship "Westfalia." HIRCZY, no further info on this name. Erwin A. Bishop; Baltimore, MD. BISCHOFF (Bischof)--IWANTSCH---Olbendorf and Stegersbach. Settled in Baltimore, Maryland 1903. Nancy Colombo; Bayport, MN. GANGL, TSCHIDA, OPITZ, HAYDER, JANN, KOUTS, GARTNER, KLEIN; from Illmitz. William Dampf; Santa Ana , CA. TAUBER, PINT, Neumarkt an der Raab. They were married in Neumarkt an der Raab or St. Martin an der Raab. They came to Pittsburgh around 1906. Also Janos DAMPF and Anna KANCSLER from the village of Bakonykoppany , Hungary the county of Veszprem. They were married in Hungary. They also settled in Pittsburgh , PA. Frank and Mariette Deutsch; Cedarburg, Wisconsin. JOST (YOST). Königsdorf. Emigrated 1920 and earlier. Oswald Held; Graz, Austria. SCHNEDL, St. Georgen, HÖLD, Eisenstadt. Anna Maria Podensteinin u.U aus St. Georgen, born ca.1750 Theresa (Haisan) Kimak; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Father: MATHIAS HAJSZAN - Güttenbach, (district of Güssing). Father's Mother's Maiden name: JANDRISITS. Paul M. Lehner; Dallas, TX. LEHNER, LENDWAY, STEINHOVER. Tadten Settled: South Bend, IN; St. Paul, MN. Alois Mandl; Sun City West, AZ; MANDL (Jennersdorf); BRÜCKLER (Grieselstein); settled in Milwaukee, WI, 1914. Pauline Menyhart; South Bend, IN. MERSITS, KANCZ, GREGORITS, BLAZOVITS, FIRTL. Bezirk Oberpullendorf-villages of Grossmutschen, Kroatisch Minihof, Kleinmutschen (Pervany, Pervane) and Kophaza, Hungary. Ann Knolmar Pierce; Encinitas, CA. KRAXNER, WAGNER. Unterbildein (Alsobeled), Güssing district. Anna Kraxner, born about 1881-1884 time period) in Unterbildein to John Kraxner and Rosina Wagner. Anna Kraxner came to NYC 1903. Dan Pittman; Springfield, IL. HANIFL, Rust. Emigrated 1881 to LaCrosse, Wisconsin. Albert F Rose, Sr.; Wilmington, DE. WAPPEL, FISCHER. Grodnau (Mariasdorf, district of Oberwart). Settled in St. Louis, MO. Jim Schuster; Mahtomedi, MN. SCHUSTER, WEINZETL from Apetlon. Emigrated 1903. Family lived in Stearns County, MN, then St. Paul, MN. Evelyn Seegraves; Palm Bay, FL. MANDL, BRUNNER, FOYIAN, Grieselstein (Jennersdorf). Mandls settled in New Britain Conn. Frieda Smith; Oxnard, CA. GUMHALTER, SAMER and TABELLI (DABELLI), Litzelsdorf (Hungarian name Lödös), district of Oberwart. Settled in Buffalo, NY 1910-15. Dave Sommers; Whitehall PA. SOMMER, YAGERHOFER, GUTTMANN. Güssing, Grossmürbisch. Settled in Coplay PA. Julius Karl Steiger; Omaha, NE. STEIGER, BERNHARDT, MADER, KREISINA, HAUSER. To Canada in 1954 from Sopron, Hungary via Frankfurt on Main, Germany. Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy; Dundee, Scotland. TRINKLE (TRINKL). WEBER. Southern Burgenland-Güssing area? Settled: Allentown, PA 1910-1916. CHANGES Joe Liebezeit, Arcata, CA. LIEBEZEIT, MALITS, TASCHNER, JANDRESITS, TURKOVITS, Grossmürbisch, Reinersdorf, HOFFMANN, GESCHEL, MAHR, Pornoapati, Gaas, Settled: Pittsburg, PA (early 1920's) email address changes: Gene Andert William Dimovitz Michelle Ernst Jim Huber Jeffrey Kurz Mary Morey Bob Sbertoli Donna Sheraden Tom Steichen Christine Steiner End of newsletter. BURGENLAND BUNCH STAFF Coordinator & Editor Newsletter (Gerald J. Berghold; Winchester, VA) Burgenland Editor (Albert Schuch; Vienna & Kleinpetersdorf, Austria) Home Page Editor (Hap Anderson) Internet/URL Editor (Anna Tanczos Kresh; Butler, PA) Contributing Editors: Austro/Hungarian Research (Fritz Königshofer) Burgenland Co-Editor (Klaus Gerger, Austria) Burgenland Lake Corner Research (Dale Knebel) Chicago Burgenland Enclave (Tom Glatz) Croatian Burgenland (Frank Teklits) Home Page village lists (Bill Rudy) Home Page surname lists (Tom Steichen) Judaic Burgenland (Maureen Tighe-Brown) Western Hungary-Bakony Region (Ernest Chrisbacher) Western US BB Members-Research (Bob Unger) WorldGenWeb-Austria, RootsWeb Liaison-Burgenland Charles Wardell, Austria) BB ARCHIVES>(can be reached from Home Page hyperlinks) BURGENLAND HOME PAGE> http://www.the-burgenland-bunch.org Burgenland Bunch Newsletter distributed courtesy of (c) 1999 RootsWeb.com, Inc. http://www.rootsweb.com/ P.O. Box 6798, Frazier Park, CA 93222-6798 Newsletter and List Rights Reserved. Permission to Copy Granted; Provide Credit.