BB News No. 167 dtd 30 Sep 2007

THE BURGENLAND BUNCH NEWS - No. 167 DEDICATED TO AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIAN BURGENLAND FAMILY HISTORY (Our 12th Year - Issued monthly as email by G. J. Berghold, BB Editor) September 30, 2007 (c) 2007 G. J. Berghold - all rights reserved ~WHO WILL BE THE 1500TH BB MEMBER?~ Current Status Of The BB: Members-1497 *Surname Entries-4935 *Query Board Entries-3783 *Newsletters Archived-167 *Number of Staff Members-15 EMAIL RECIPIENTS PLEASE READ: You are receiving this email newsletter because you are a BB member or have asked to be added to our distribution list. To subscribe or unsubscribe, use the change form available from our Homepage at http://www.the-burgenland-bunch.org. You cannot send email to this newsletter. If you have problems receiving the newsletter as email, it may be read, downloaded, printed or copied from the BB Homepage. There is also an archive of previous newsletters. This first section of our 2 section newsletter concerns: 1. Notice Of BB Email Publishing Policy 2. New Britain Connecticut Donau Club History 3. Slovenian-Burgenland Border Village - Alsocolgany (Dolnji Slaveči) 4. WorldGenWeb 1. NOTICE OF BB EMAIL PUBLISHING POLICY (this notice can be found on the BB Homepage, the BB Information Letter and at the end of each newsletter.) The Burgenland Bunch (BB) was formed and exists to assist Burgenland descendants in their research into their heritage and, toward that end, reserves the right to use any communication you have with us (email, letter, phone conversation, etc.) as part of our information exchange and educational research efforts. • If you do not want your communication to be used for this purpose, indicate that it is "confidential" and we will attempt to abide by that request. • Correspondents who communicate with the BB without requesting confidentiality retain their copyright but give a non-exclusive license to the BB allowing us to forward to BB members, publish in our monthly newsletter, and/or subsequently archive such communications. 2. NEW BRITAIN CONNECTICUT DONAU CLUB HISTORY (ED. Note: The following is from web page of the subject club and is published with their permission. The link to the club in New Britain, CT is www.austriandonauclub.com/history.htm. The Burgenländer club in New Britain is called the "Austrian Donau Club" and was established in 1920. The "Links" page includes links to the BB and the BG. The "History" page also gives background on the New Britain Burgenland enclave. From the late 1980's to the mid 1990's, the BG had a representative in the New Britain area: Linda Poglitsch from Middletown.) CLUB HISTORY The history of the Austrian Donau Club is inextricably linked with the history of the city of New Britain. New Britain by the late 1800's had become a rapidly growing center of manufacturing. These factories needed more and more workers to fill the expanding plants. Immigrants from Europe migrated to New Britain to fill these positions One of these immigrant groups among the many who came here, was from a region of then Austria-Hungary called Burgenland. Prior to 1918, Burgenland was officially under the administration of the Hungarian part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. The Burgenlanders who came here, were mostly ethnic Austrians (who spoke German) but were forced to learn Hungarian in the school system under Hungarian administration. After World War I, the victorious Allies broke up the Austrian-Hungarian empire. The Burgenland province was a disputed area between Austria and Hungary. A plebiscite was held in 1920 and the people who were mainly ethnic Austrians, decided to join with Austria rather than Hungary. It is believed the first Burgenland immigrant to arrive in New Britain was Jo hn F. Knaus who came from the village of Muhlgraben. Herr Knaus was a farmer and eventually brought over many Burgenlanders from the small villages of Mini-Hof Liebau, Muhlgraben, and Neuhaus in southern Burgenland. These Austrians eventually settled in the Arch and Glen street areas of New Britain, and over the decades, Arch street became the center of the Austrian and German community, culture, and business life in New Britain. The humble beginning of the Donau Club began on Feb. 6, 1906 as the Gesangverein Österreich, consisting of 10 singers who practiced in the home of their conductor, A. Kuhn, on Arch street. By 1908, the Verein grew to 24 singers and even won a prize at the Staats Sängerfest held in Meriden of that year. The present day Donau Club came into being on October 1, 1920 when four clubs came together to form the Österreich-Ungarischen Gesang und Krank Unterstützungs-Vereins "Donau". The four clubs that joined together were the Franz Joseph Verein, the Radfahrer Club, the Militär Verein, and the Gesang Verein Österreich. The total assets of the combined societies was $9,928, of which a large portion consisted of Austrian government war bonds which became worthless. The purpose for forming the Sick Benefit Society was to provide work disability and death benefits for members, as Social Security did not exist in America in the 1920's. Amazingly, the Society still provides these benefits to eligible members today. The first president of the club was John Ruck, who came from Mini-Hof Liebau. He later was a local businessman who owned the Ruck Shoe store and Steuben's restaurant. He died in 1974 at the age of 95. The present clubhouse was built in 1920 and still remains the center of all our activities. In the twenties, Prohibition was in force. Of course, the Austrians and Germans after a hard day's work in the local factories wanted a glass of beer or wine or perhaps something a little stronger to slake their thirst. Being ever resourceful, they started to brew their own beer and wine and these libations were served at the clubhouse and became a very important source of revenue for the building of the club and society in the early years. Throughout the twenties and thirties, the Donau clubhouse was a major social center for the Austro-German community. With the arrival of World War II, the club's German school was shut down by the FBI and the activities of the Club were monitored by the government. Many of the club's younger members volunteered or were drafted to serve in the war. There are even cases of a few of the younger members who were stuck in Austria or Germany and were forced to serve with the Wehrmacht. With the end of World War II, another wave of immigration came to New Britain, a wave of Germans trying to escape the aftermath of the war's economic devastation. Some of these new German immigrants joined the Donau Club and added to the ethnic Austrian mix. The club continued to thrive after the war up until the present day. Many traditional events were held over the years, the most popular were the Schlachtfests and Bauernballs. The Bauernball is still held during the early spring and remains a popular festival. The Schlachtfest is still held, although a live pig is no longer slaughtered, a delicious roast pork dinner has taken its place and is usually a sold out event. The Donau Clubhouse remains the only center of Austrian and German activities in New Britain today, and is still a beehive of activity. On Tuesdays, the Singers carry on the tradition of choral singing. On Thursdays, the Alpenland Dancers and the Kindergruppe practice the traditional folk dances. Two Fridays each month, (the first and third Fridays) our members, families, and friends get together to enjoy classic German and Austrian music, eat some German food, drink a few German beers, and enjoy the Gemütlichkeit atmosphere in the Rathskeller of our Clubhouse. Many people today are rediscovering their Austrian or German roots and want to reconnect with their immigrant past. Parents and grandparents wish to introduce their children to the German or Austrian experience of their youth. Recent German immigrants, exchange students, or visitors miss the Heimat and wish to socialize with their fellow countrymen. If you fall into any of these categories, or are interested in the German Austrian culture and experience, the Donau Clubhouse is the perfect place for you to satisfy your longings. Come on down, have a cold Spaten or Becks vom Fass, spricht ein bischen Deutsch, and enjoy a little bit of the Heimat here in New Britain. You will receive a hearty and friendly Willkommen! 3. SLOVENIAN-BURGENLAND BORDER VILLAGE - ALSÓCSOLGÁNY (DOLNJI SLAVEČI) (from Klaus Gerger) Correspondent Stephen Solar writes: Surname: SOLAR Village: Alsocolgany - County Vas Settled: Bethlehem/Allentown, PA My great-grandfather, Francis X. Solar, emigrated from Hungary via Szentgotthard in 1904. He lists Alsocologany, Hungary as his birthplace. I understand that part of Vas County became part of Burgenland after WW-I; but I'm not sure if this village was involved, I cannot find this village on any maps of the time, and I don't even know if there was a name change! The only reference that I can find for "Alsocologany" was in a geographical dictionary in the Boston Public Library, copyright, 1900. It lists the county of Vas, major city its closest to (Szombathely) and the population at the time. My search has lasted 20 years now, and I would really like to find out this information before I make a trip to Hungary. I also know that he came through Ellis Island, and so I may have another hurdle to overcome in case there is a chance that his last name may have changed. The first telephone listing for him was in 1908, Allentown, PA, and it lists his name as "Soliar". Please contact me if you have any info or any other questions to clarify. Klaus Gerger replies: Your great-grandfathers village was Alsócsalogány which is now in Slovenia (Dolnji Slaveči) [Ed: but labeled as Alsó-Szlávecsa on the Military Survey maps]. You can find it with this name on the BB-Map site. http://www.the-burgenland-bunch.org/Map/JE-SI/SI-SI.htm This information is from a dictionary of Hungarian and former Hungarian villages with their names. This is the Slovenian Wikipedia entry: https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolnji_Slave%C4%8Di with a map of the village: http://www.geopedia.si/#L410_F10115779_T105_b4_x581882.9375_y184227.5545_s14 Here you can see that it is very close to Burgenland (2 miles). You can reach it from the Austrian/Slovenian border crossing at Bonisdorf/Kuzma. The Burgenland Bunch also covers nearby areas in Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia and Austrian border villages in Styria and Lower Austria. 4. WORLDGENWEB The BB has been affiliated with WorldGenWeb (and through them with Roots-L) for many years. Through their help and cooperation we have been able to operate our Query Site and Distribute and Archive our newsletters. Charles Wardell (BB staff member) has been instrumental in linking us with WorldGenWeb (WGW) - he has also been the host of the WGW Austria board. BB members should be aware that WGW covers the entire world of genealogy. If you also have interests other than Burgenland, you should contact their other sites. The following is from a newly created WGW Ezine that outlines their services. Some extracts follow: WorldGenWeb Review e-zine Vol. 4, No 1, 12 August 2007, (c) 2007 WorldGenWeb Project Editors: Denise Wells, Nathan Zipfel About the WorldGenWeb Review e-zine The WorldGenWeb Review e-zine was created to keep the visitors and friends of the WorldGenWeb Project informed about what is happening in the WorldGenWeb Project. We will be providing helpful information on a periodic basis on how to utilize the WorldGenWeb Project, as well what resources are available to assist you in your research. What is the WorldGenWeb Project? The WorldGenWeb is a non-profit volunteer organization, dedicated to the free use and access of public domain genealogical information. To further this goal, the WorldGenWeb uses Internet Web sites to create "local repositories" of information accessible by researchers worldwide. Each Project Web site (generally) will contain local resource addresses of county/country public records offices, cemetery locations, maps, library addresses, archive addresses, and association addresses including Family History Centers, or other genealogical or historical societies, and some history and culture of the region. Other resources include query pages or message boards, mail lists, historical data including census records, cemetery records, biographies, bibliographies, and family/surname registration Web sites. To answer other questions you may have about the WorldGenWeb Project, please visit our Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) page. http://www.worldgenweb.org/faq.html Recent Country Website Updates The following country websites have had a recent update, you'll want to check them out! Argentina, Armenia, Belarus, Belize, Colombia, Finland, Hungary, Korea - South, Moldavia, Poland, Russia Query and Surname Listings The WorldGenWeb Project does not host a centralized tool for the submission of Queries and Surnames. Our Country and sub-country Project Hosts (Gerry Beerghold-Burgenland) maintain methods and links to various message board systems for you to post your queries and surnames. Please visit the country Web sites to locate the query resource(s) that are available. WorldGenWeb Project Archives Are you aware that the WorldGenWeb Project has an on-line digital archives of research data? The Archives was created in 1998 as a repository of transcriptions of public domain records. Please stop by and browse through the files we have on-line. http://www.worldgenweb.org/archives Research Tools Geneanet - http://geneanet.org Geneanet is a world-wide index of on-line and off-line genealogy resources. It is a free service that the WorldGenWeb Project endorses. Geneaseek - http://www.geneaseek.org/ GeneaSeek is a "full text" genealogy research browser. It goes through the Internet to index pages that deal with genealogy. GeneaSeek comprises several million genealogy pages. The Next Generation of Genealogy Sitebuilding (TNG) TNG has "resurrected" the GENDEX search program to search through genealogy databases across the Internet. It is still in it's infancy but worth visiting. http://tngnetwork.lythgoes.net/ Reprint Policy Permission to reprint articles from the WorldGenWeb Review is granted unless otherwise indicated for an individual article. Reprints may only be used for non-commercial, educational purposes. The following must be included with any reprints: "Published by the WorldGenWeb Project in the WorldGenWeb Review, Vol. 4, No 1, 12 August 2007 WorldGenWeb Project http://www.worldgenweb.org" Back Issues of the WorldGenWeb Review are available from the archive located at http://www.worldgenweb.org/wgwreview. Newsletter continues at BB News number 167A.

THE BURGENLAND BUNCH NEWS - No. 167A DEDICATED TO AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIAN BURGENLAND FAMILY HISTORY (Our 12th Year - Issued monthly as email by G. J. Berghold) September 30, 2007 (c) 2007 G. J. Berghold - all rights reserved The second section of this 2 section newsletter includes: 1. Historical Burgenland Series (Leitgeb & Potsmann Families) 2. Burgenland and Immigrant Obits 3. First Burgenland Immigrant To Lehigh Valley 4. Augs. Conf. Caupones Occupation? 5. BB Contact Promotes Educational Language Exchange 6. Jost/Yost Family - Rabafuzes/Bethlehem 1. HISTORICAL BURGENLAND SERIES (courtesy Margaret Kaiser) Extract From The Troy Record Troy, New York Thursday, November 20, 1958 Brother, Sisters Having Reunion After 54 Years by Joseph G. Fitzgerald A family reunion happens every day in the United States, but to a family of three sisters and a brother here in Troy it is a chance to relive a lifetime. In 1904 one sister and the brother left their native Güssing, Austria for the new world. None of the four knew then that two world wars and a lot of heartache later they would once again come together in the United States. Eddie Leitgeb, well known Troy tavern owner, is the brother in the story and Mrs. Dena Ricketts of Sacramento , Calif., is the one sister who journeyed from Austria to take up residence in the United States. The reunion came about when Eddie wrote to his two sisters and a brother-in-law offering to sponsor them in obtaining a visitor's visa to enter this country; they sent back an immediate yes and the reunion was on its way to becoming a reality. They told of their experiences before, during and after World War II. The occupation was all over for Austria almost before the people knew what happened. They were all speaking of the taking over of the country by Hitler in 1938. The worstpart of the ordeal came when the Russians occupied the country. In this occupation Mrs. Hammer's husband was killed as he tried to protect his daughters from two Russian privates. She said the never-to-be-forgotten event occurred about midnight on April 12, 1945. They pointed out that living conditions have become better and better in their country since the occupation forces left Austria. Today, for instance, men retire at 64 and get a pension, similar to our social security. But, in addition to this, each man raising a family gets money monthly for each child he is raising. How do they like America? They don't understand the language, but the cars, supermarkets and big buildings in New York City really stand out in their minds. They just cannot get over all the cars parked on the streets. Do their streets compare with ours? All their main roads are paved with macadam. The farm roads are built and maintained by the farmers of the various areas. They band together to build and maintain these roads. The Potsmanns had three sons and a daughter, all of whom were interned. One of the sons was taken by the Russians and has not been heard from since. The other three all returned home in good shape following the war. Mrs. Ricketts has two sons, one of whom was in the Air Force during World War II. As a flyer he was shot down over Germany and was a prisoner of war for more than two years. Church Familiar The Potsmanns and Mrs. Hammer attend a Roman Catholic Church in Austria which has priests of the Franciscan Order in attendance so they felt right at home when they attended Mass at St. Anthony's Church here. The only thing different about the ceremony, they said was not being able to understand the sermons. None of the three speak English. They pointed out that the younger generation in Austria speak English very well. English is taught in the Austrian high schools. There are no parish schools in Austria like ours. Each school has religious periods at which the youngsters are allowed to attend their own faith's instruction schools. The country is mostly Roman Catholic. Mr. Potsmann was a cooper or barrel maker by trade and since retiring his son has succeeded him in this art. He said that the people drink greater quantities of wine and hard cider in Austria than they do here. How about water and milk over there? They have plenty of both and they are very good. In fact milk over there is about 8 cents a quart. Mr. Potsmann said that the beer in Austria is stronger than our beer. He also pointed out through Mr. Leitgeb, who acted as interpreter, that when many Austrians drink tea they add rum and lemon to it instead of milk or sugar as many do here. The American flour is far and away superior to native flour for baking, Mrs. Potsmann said. The housewives all buy American flour when it is available. Another reunion may take place in Austria in a year or so when Mr. Leitgeb and Mrs. Ricketts wing their way to Austria to be on the receiving end of the hospitality. In the meantime Mr. and Mrs. Potsmann and Mrs. Hammer will continue to view the wonders of the United States and more particularly the Troy area with Mr. Leitgeb and Mrs. Ricketts as host and hostess. Extract From The Troy Record Troy, New York Monday, November 26, 1962 Tavern Owner Expires Edward P. Leitgeb, proprietor of Eddie's Tavern, 450 Broadway, and long prominent in the hotel and restaurant business in this city, died last night at Samaritan Hospital after an illness of several weeks. Mr. Leitgeb, a native of the little town of Gussing in what was formerly Austria-Hungary, came to the United States at the age of 14 and came directly to Troy to make his home. He was an active member of the Troy Turner Verein for many years and was one of the oldest continuous members of the Rensselaer County Farm Bureau. Survivors include two sons, Louis G. Leitgeb of West Sand Lake and Edward C. Leitgeb of Troy; three sisters, Mrs. Dena Ricketts of Sacramento, Calif., and Mrs. Siegmond Pottsmann and Mrs. Angela Hammer, both of Austria. 2. BURGENLAND AND IMMIGRANT OBITS * Mary T. Richter, 86, of Phoebe Home, Allentown died August 24, 2007, in St. Lukes Hospital, Allentown Campus. Born in Allentown*, she was the daughter of the late Michael and Julianna (Heber) Schuster and was raised in Raabfidisch. *Carl A. Meixner, 84, of Whitehall, passed away September 11, 2007, in Allentown. He is survived by his wife, Madeline (Roth) Meixner. Born June 11, 1923 in Coplay, he was a son of the late Leopold and Anna (Unger) Meixner and a first generation descendant of Burgenland immigrants. A well known of the musical Lehigh Valley Meixner family, he organized the Jolly Vets Polka Band and played at clubs in Eastern Pennsylvania, New York and New Jersey. * Otto Gerger died on the 26th of August in Güssing at the age of 86. The father of Klaus Gerger, BB vice-president, he was born and raised in Rosenberg, an appendage of Güssing. 3. FIRST BURGENLAND TO IMMIGRANT TO LEHIGH VALLEY The first Burgenland immigrant in the Lehigh Valley was Josef Urschik from Rauchwart, who settled in Coplay in 1884. He was born in 1859. His picture can be found in Dr. Walter Dujmovits' book "Die Amerika-Wanderung der Burgenlander." 4. AUGS. CONF. CAUPONES OCCUPATION? Member Rudy Wolf writes: Can you help me solve this abbreviation puzzle. This information pertains to a family that purchased the estate that consists of almost half the village of Edlitz. Up until this point in time, this estate was owned by the Counts of Eberau. The Sankt Kathrein parish birth records list the trade of this person as AUGS. CONF. CAUPONES. According to the family's "fifth generation" they were originally from Silesia. Reply: Augs. Conf. Caupones refers to Augustine Confession (Evangelical Lutheran). Caupones is from the Latin "caupona" or inn. So what we have here is an innkeeper who runs a Gasthaus in a Lutheran parish. He's obviously Lutheran. There is currently an inn in Eltendorf - the "Kirchenwirt" - it is privately owned by the Mirth family but is across the street from the Martin Luther Kirche (a church with origins in the 1600's - rebuilt 1770). Eltendorf is a Lutheran parish without an RC church - Catholics go to church in Königsdorf nearby. Whether AUGS. CONF. CAUPONES means something extra (like owned by the Lutheran Synod, I don't think so) is beyond my expertise. 5. BB CONTACT PROMOTES EDUCATIONAL LANGUAGE EXCHANGE Member Rudy Wolf also writes: On a different note I would like to share a wonderful experience via the BB. I had met Klaus Gerger a while back via the BB and e-mail. Since then we have helped each other with various projects of personal interests. Prior to his visit this spring with the Burgenländer delegation, he had suggested that we meet during that visit. We were able to make arrangements to meet at the NY affair. We also talked a lot about our families and it turns out that we both have two daughters. This past June, Klaus wrote to me asking if one of my daughters would be interested in going to Stegersbach in Austria to spend some time with a family whose daughter is majoring in American English and would like to have someone to converse with. Coincidently my daughter has a minor in German. After discussing the opportunity with my wife, we decided to go ahead and give her the opportunity. It turned out to be a great experience for my daughter to get acquainted with our family's place of origin. It was nice of Klaus. He took out some time to meet up with my daughter and give her a personal tour of the Auswanderer Museum in Güssing. In the future there will be more trans-Atlantic trips planned for my daughter and her host family - the Friedls. 6. YOST/JOST FAMILY - RABAFUZES/BETHLEHEM Correspondent Madeline Winmill writes: I am looking for family history information on John (Johann) Yost/Jost (born 1886) who came to the USA from Rabafuzes, Hungary in about 1911. He first came to Allentown, PA, later ending up in Bethlehem, PA. His wife, Karolina Kautz Yost/Jost (born 1884), immigrated in 1912. They had one child, Albert, who had to stay behind because of travel restrictions. The other children, born in the USA were Frank, Caroline, Margaret and Elenora. Do you have any information about this family? I have found the Ellis Island records for them, indicating that John's mother was named Teresia Jost and that Karoline's father was named Franz Knautz. Margaret Kaiser replies: Dear Madeline Winmill, Gerry Berghold shared a portion of your email of July 2. He knows that my family has roots in these same areas. Your family is listed in the 1920 census at 333 Vineyard Street, Bethlehem, 1930 census at 236 Lehigh Avenue. Bethlehem, WW-1 draft registration at 232 Vineyard Street, Bethlehem and the WW-2 old man's draft registration (1942) at 1115 Sioux Street, Bethlehem. Relatives of mine are long time Sioux Street area residents. The family was likely Roman Catholic and attended Holy Ghost Church in South Bethlehem (also known as Fountain Hill). Further it appears that John and Karolina are listed in the Holy Ghost Cemetery list with slightly different birth years than you listed. See www.padutchancestry.homestead.com/HolyghostVtoZ.html The World War 1 draft registration lists John Yost's birth date as December 25, 1884. The 1930 census suggests that the Yosts were married around 1908. A copy of their civil marriage record should list their parents' names. I have a copies of church and civil records from the Rabafuzes area on permanent loan at the Family History Center and will see if I find them listed. Madeline Winmill responds: Thank you so much for replying to my original email. I am helping a woman, who is the youngest daughter of John Yost and Karolina Kautz Yost, with her family history. She gave me all the information she has or can remember. I am very interested in the marriage records from Rabafuzes on permanent loan at your Family History Center, though I don't have an exact marriage date, hopefully you will be able to find them on the marriage records and/or possibly the birth information for their first son, Albert, who stayed behind and didn't come to the USA. Before sending my previous email I had already looked at the 1920 and 1930 census as well as the WW-I draft registration. I didn't look at the WW-2 records. I will go look at the link you sent. Margaret replies: I located these records & summarized them as follows: Married February 4, 1909 (civil marriage, not religious marriage; religious marriage would be located with church records which records were not microfilmed) Janos, born 1884 December 25 of Rabafuzes #27, son of Janos and Teresa Yost Karolina, born 1886 September 22 of Rabafuzes #32, daughter of Ferenc & Teresa Krautz. Maiden names for the mothers are available but I did not note them this time. The birth records for this couple are located in the Heiligenkreuz parish records where at certain times the Rabafuzes Roman Catholics attended church. END OF NEWSLETTER NOTICE: The Burgenland Bunch (BB) was formed and exists to assist Burgenland descendants in their research into their heritage and, toward that end, reserves the right to use any communication you have with us (email, letter, phone conversation, etc.) as part of our information exchange and educational research efforts. • If you do not want your communication to be used for this purpose, indicate that it is "confidential" and we will attempt to abide by that request. • Correspondents who communicate with the BB without requesting confidentiality retain their copyright but give a non-exclusive license to the BB allowing us to forward to BB members, publish in our monthly newsletter, and/or subsequently archive such communications. The Burgenland Bunch homepage (website) can be found at: http://www.the-burgenland-bunch.org We can also be reached from the Burgenländische Gemeinschaft web site. Use our website to access our lists and web pages. Burgenland Bunch Newsletter (c) 1997 archived courtesy of RootsWeb.com, Inc. P.O. Box 6798, Frazier Park, CA 93222-6798. Newsletter published monthly by G. J. Berghold, Winchester, VA. Newsletter and List Rights Reserved. Permission to Copy Granted; You Must Provide Credit and Mention Source.